UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-K
| (Mark One) | |||||
| ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | |||||
For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31 , 2021
or
| TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | |||||
Commission File No. 1-38300
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | ||||||||||
| (Address of principal executive offices) | (zip code) | ||||||||||
(702 ) 323-7330
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(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of Each Class | Trading Symbol | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered | ||||||
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☑
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
| ☑ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | Emerging growth company | |||||||||||||||||||||||
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑
The aggregate market value of the shares of Cannae Common Stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2021, was $2,849,101,696 based on the closing price of $33.91 as reported by the New York Stock Exchange.
As of January 31, 2022 there were 86,486,034 shares of Cannae common stock outstanding.
The information in Part III hereof for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, will be filed within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year that is the subject of this Report.
CANNAE HOLDINGS, INC.
FORM 10-K
TABLE OF CONTENTS
| Page Number | ||||||||
i
PART I
Item 1. Business
Introductory Note
The following describes the business of Cannae Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries. Except where otherwise noted, all references to "we," "us," "our," "Cannae", "Cannae Holdings", or the "Company," are to Cannae Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries, taken together.
Company Background
On November 17, 2017, Fidelity National Financial, Inc. ("FNF", NYSE: FNF) redeemed each outstanding share of its FNF Ventures ("FNFV") Group common stock, par value $0.0001, for one share of common stock, par value $0.0001, of a newly formed entity, Cannae (the "Split-Off"). In conjunction with the Split-Off, FNF contributed to us its portfolio of investments unrelated to its primary insurance and real estate operations, which included majority and minority equity interests in a number of entities and certain fixed income investments. On November 20, 2017, Cannae common stock began "regular-way" trading on The New York Stock Exchange under the "CNNE" stock symbol.
Description of Business
We primarily acquire interests in operating companies and are engaged in actively managing and operating a core group of those companies, which we are committed to supporting for the long-term. From time to time, we also seek to take meaningful majority and minority equity ownership stakes where we have the ability to control or significantly influence quality companies, and we bring the strength of our operational expertise to each of our subsidiaries. We are a long-term owner that secures control and governance rights of other companies primarily to engage in their lines of business and we have no preset time constraints dictating when we sell or dispose of our businesses. We believe that our long-term ownership and active involvement in the management and operations of companies helps maximize the value of those businesses for our shareholders. Our primary assets as of December 31, 2021 include our ownership interests in Dun & Bradstreet Holdings, Inc. ("Dun & Bradstreet" or "D&B"), Ceridian HCM Holding, Inc. ("Ceridian"), Alight, Inc. ("Alight"), Paysafe Limited ("Paysafe"), Sightline Payments Holdings, LLC ("Sightline" or "Sightline Payments"), Optimal Blue Holdco, LLC ("Optimal Blue") and AmeriLife Group, LLC ("AmeriLife"); majority equity ownership stakes in O'Charley's Holdings, LLC ("O'Charley's") and 99 Restaurants Holdings, LLC ("99 Restaurants"); and various other controlled portfolio companies and certain minority equity ownership interests.
The Company conducts its business through our wholly-owned subsidiary Cannae Holdings, LLC ("Cannae LLC"), a Delaware limited liability company. The Company’s board of directors ("Board") oversees the management of the Company, Cannae LLC and its businesses, and the performance of Trasimene Capital Management, LLC ("Trasimene" or our "Manager"). During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, the Company transitioned to an externally managed structure (such externalization of certain management functions, the "Externalization"). In connection with the Externalization, the Company, Cannae LLC, and our Manager entered into a Management Services Agreement dated as of August 27, 2019, as amended and restated on August 4, 2021 (as amended and restated, the "Management Services Agreement").
We believe our operating structure provides our investors with a compelling opportunity to participate in the acquisition, operation and growth of businesses by a world-class management team. Fundamentally, the Company seeks to take meaningful equity ownership stakes where we have an ability to control or significantly influence quality companies that are well-positioned in their respective industries, run by best-in-class management teams and that operate in industries that have attractive organic and acquired growth opportunities. Led by William P. Foley II ("Bill Foley") and facilitated through our Manager, we leverage our management team's operational expertise, long-term relationships and industry connections and capital sourcing capabilities to identify, structure and execute on ownership interests in companies with these characteristics.
Our management team has a proven track record of growing industry-leading companies, and we continuously work with and support management teams of the companies we own in managing, operating, and growing their businesses in order to provide value for our shareholders. Bill Foley-led management teams are responsible for the growth of publicly traded companies such as FNF, Black Knight, Inc. ("Black Knight", NYSE: BKI), Ceridian, D&B and Fidelity National Information Services (NYSE: FIS), which collectively have a market capitalization of more than $100 billion.
As of December 31, 2021, we had the following reportable segments:
Dun & Bradstreet. This segment consists of our 15.8% ownership interest in D&B. Dun & Bradstreet is a leading global provider of business decisioning data and analytics. Its mission is to deliver a global network of trust, enabling clients to transform uncertainty into confidence, risk into opportunity and potential into prosperity. Clients embed D&B's trusted, end-to-end solutions into their daily workflows to enhance salesforce productivity, gain visibility into key markets, inform commercial credit decisions and confirm that suppliers are financially viable and compliant with laws and regulations. Dun & Bradstreet's
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solutions support its clients’ mission critical business operations by providing proprietary and curated data and analytics to help drive informed decisions and improved outcomes.
Dun & Bradstreet is differentiated by the scale, depth, diversity and accuracy of its constantly expanding business database that contains comprehensive information on hundreds of millions of businesses. Access to longitudinal curated data is critical for global commerce, and with only a small percentage of the world’s businesses filing public financial statements, D&B data is a trusted source for reliable information about both public and private businesses. By building such a set of data over time, D&B was able to establish a unique identifier that creates a single thread connecting related corporate entities allowing its clients to form a holistic view of an enterprise. This unique identifier, which D&B refers to as the D-U-N-S Number, is a corporate ‘‘fingerprint’’ or ‘‘Social Security Number’’ of businesses. D&B believes that it is the only scale provider to possess both worldwide commercial credit data and comprehensive public records data that are linked together by a unique identifier allowing for an accurate assessment of public and private businesses globally. D&B generates its revenue primarily through subscription-based contractual arrangements that it enters into with its clients to provide data, analytics and analytics-related services either individually, or as part of an integrated offering of multiple services. These arrangements occasionally include offerings from more than one business unit to the same client.
On February 15, 2022, we received additional shares of D&B as partial consideration for our sale of Optimal Blue. See discussion under the header Optimal Blue in Item 7 of Part II of this Annual Report for further information. Following the receipt of these additional shares of D&B, we have a 20.5% ownership interest in D&B.
We account for our ownership of Dun & Bradstreet using the equity method of accounting; therefore, its results of operations do not consolidate into ours.
Alight. This segment consists of our 10.0% ownership interest in Alight. Alight is a leading cloud-based provider of integrated digital human capital and business solutions. Alight has an unwavering belief that a company’s success starts with its people, and its solutions connect human insights with technology. Leveraging artificial intelligence and data analytics, Alight provides an integrated, personalized experience for employees using technology-driven solutions that aim to unlock value for employers. Alight believes its mission-critical solutions enable employees to enrich their health, wealth and wellbeing, which helps global organizations achieve a high-performance culture. Alight serves more than 30 million employees and family members from a broad range of clients, including Fortune 500 companies and mid-market businesses. Alight seeks to establish high-quality, strong, long-term relationships with its clients.
We account for our ownership of Alight using the equity method of accounting; therefore, its results of operations do not consolidate into ours.
Paysafe. This segment consists of our 8.3% ownership interest in Paysafe. Paysafe provides payment processing solutions through several business lines. These business lines are focused on card not present and card present solutions for small to medium size business merchants, wallet based online payment solutions through Skrill and NETELLER brands and solutions that enable consumers to use cash to facilitate online purchases through its paysafecard prepaid vouchers.
We account for our ownership of Paysafe using the equity method of accounting; therefore, its results of operations do not consolidate into ours.
Restaurant Group. This segment consists of the operations of O'Charley's and 99 Restaurants in which we have 65.4% and 88.5% equity ownership interests, respectively. O'Charley's and 99 Restaurants and their affiliates are the owners and operators of the O'Charley's restaurant and Ninety Nine Restaurants restaurant concepts.
We account for our ownership of the Restaurant Group as a consolidated subsidiary.
Optimal Blue. This segment consists of our 20.0% ownership interest in Optimal Blue. Optimal Blue is a leading provider of secondary market solutions and actionable data services. They operate a software-as-a-service, subscription-based mortgage marketplace, which supports a network of originators and investors in the residential mortgage market. The marketplace provides a broad set of critical functions utilized by banks, credit unions and mortgage brokerage companies throughout the mortgage processing life cycle.
On February 15, 2022, we disposed of all of our ownership interests in Optimal Blue for $144.5 million of cash and 21.8 million shares of D&B common stock. See discussion under the header Optimal Blue in Item 7 of Part II of this Annual Report for further information.
We account for our ownership of Optimal Blue using the equity method of accounting; therefore, its results of operations do not consolidate into ours.
AmeriLife. This segment consists of our 19.8% ownership interest in AmeriLife. AmeriLife is a leader in marketing and distributing life, health, and retirement solutions. AmeriLife has partnered with the nation’s leading insurance carriers to
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provide value and quality to customers served through a national distribution network of insurance agents and advisors, marketing organizations, and insurance agency locations.
We account for our ownership of AmeriLife using the equity method of accounting; therefore, its results of operations do not consolidate into ours.
Corporate and Other. This aggregation of nonreportable operating segments consists of our share in the operations of controlled and uncontrolled portfolio companies including our 6.6% ownership interest in Ceridian, 32.6% ownership interest in Sightline, 21.7% ownership interest in Coding Solutions Topco, Inc. ("CorroHealth"), 19.3% voting equity interest in preferred stock of QOMPLX, Inc. ("QOMPLX"), 24.6% equity interest in Triple Tree Holdings, LLC ("Triple Tree"), majority-owned real estate and resort development businesses ("Cannae RE"), interests in sponsors of special purpose acquisition companies ("SPACs") and other various minority equity and debt positions.
Ceridian is a global human capital management software company that offers a broad range of services and software designed to help employers more effectively manage employment processes, such as payroll, payroll-related tax filing, human resource information systems, employee self-service, time and labor management, employee assistance programs, and recruitment and applicant screening. Ceridian's technology-based services are typically provided through long-term customer relationships that are anticipated to result in a high level of recurring revenue.
Sightline Payments is the United States' ("U.S.") sports betting and casino gaming market’s leading digital payments provider and mobile app developer. Sightline leverages cutting-edge technology to apply modern solutions to a traditionally cash-based industry projected to grow significantly over the next few years. While much of the business world shifts to a cashless society, the casino gaming industry is known for being cash dominant. Sightline's mission is to be the preeminent partner in transitioning toward cashless casino gaming. Sightline’s Play+ solution gives consumers a safe, secure, and responsible way to fund their online and in-person gaming activities and enables casinos to offer cashless wagering options across the entire property. With a large and expanding customer base and partners across the sports betting, lottery, racing, and online and brick-and-mortar casino markets, Sightline is uniquely positioned to transform the traditional gaming landscape.
CorroHealth is a joint venture that has various medical coding technology platforms and back office functions supporting the health care revenue and billing cycles and focuses on acquiring and operating synergistic health care services companies in the provider and payer space.
QOMPLX is an intelligent decision and analytics platform used by businesses for modeling and planning. QOMPLX offers an enterprise operating system and application platforms with capabilities ranging from data handling, analytics, and reporting to advanced algorithms, simulations, and machine learning, which have business uses for cybersecurity, insurance underwriting and quantitative finance.
Triple Tree is an independent, research-driven investment banking firm focused on mergers and acquisitions, financial restructuring, and principal investing services for innovative, high-growth businesses in the healthcare industry.
Cannae RE and its subsidiaries own and operate golf and real estate properties and develop, manage and operate residential and recreational properties, including a 1,800-acre ranch-style luxury resort and residential community in Oregon.
Refer to Item 7 of Part II of this Annual Report for further information on recent results of operations and transactions and other activity of our operating segments.
Strategy and Business Trends
Our strategy for the Company is to continue to manage and operate the diversified businesses of our group of companies to create long-term growth of those businesses in order to maximize the value of those businesses for our shareholders, and to pursue similar strategies and objectives when taking significant ownership stakes in new businesses.
Dun & Bradstreet. We believe that Dun & Bradstreet has an attractive business model that is underpinned by highly recurring, diversified revenues, significant operating leverage, low capital requirements and strong free cash flow. The proprietary and embedded nature of its data and analytics solutions and the integral role that D&B plays in its clients’ decision-making processes have translated into high client retention and revenue visibility. D&B has had relationships with most of its top clients by revenue for more than 20 years, which reflects how deeply embedded D&B is in its clients' daily workflows and decisioning processes. D&B exhibits strong annual revenue retention rates and substantially all of its clients are recurring year over year. Dun & Bradstreet also benefits from strong operating leverage given its centralized database and solutions, which allows it to generate strong contribution margins and free cash flow.
Subsequent to our acquisition of an ownership stake in D&B in the first quarter of 2019, we worked closely with D&B to begin quickly implementing changes to address operational and execution issues at D&B that led to stagnant revenue growth and declining profitability over the last decade. We immediately brought in a new senior leadership team, which commenced a comprehensive transformation to improve and revitalize D&B's business for long-term success. The new senior leadership team
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saw significant opportunity to create value by transforming the organization and improving the platform with new business unit leaders, enhanced technology and data, solution innovation and a client-centric go-to-market strategy.
D&B's transformation strategy is based on Bill Foley's proven playbook of enhancing stockholder value through organizational re-alignment and re-investment. Initiatives implemented at D&B upon its 2019 leveraged buyout have resulted in over $240 million of net annualized run-rate savings. In light of the changes that have been made or identified by the Company and D&B's management team, we believe D&B is well-positioned to execute on its strategies of driving stockholder value through consistent revenue growth, managing cost initiatives and innovating and improving the way it adds value and solves the increasingly challenging and complex needs of its clients.
Businesses rely on business-to-business data and analytics providers to extract data-driven insights and make better decisions. For example, in commercial lending and trade credit, the scarcity of readily available credit history makes the extension of credit a time-consuming and imprecise process. In procurement, businesses face increasingly complex and global supply chains, making the assessment of compliance and viability of all suppliers prohibitively difficult and expensive if not conducted effectively. In sales and marketing, businesses have benefited from the proliferation of customer relationship management, Marketing Automation and Sales Acceleration tools designed to help identify, track and improve both customer management and prospecting growth activities. While these tools are helping to fill sales funnels and improve the progression of opportunities, key challenges remain in salesforce productivity, effective client segmentation and marketing campaign activation. Common stumbling blocks include incorrect, or outdated, contact information, duplicated or inaccurate firmographic data and a lack of synchronization between the various platforms in the marketing technology ecosystem.
D&B helps its clients solve these mission critical business problems. D&B believes the total addressable market (‘‘TAM’’) in which it operates is large, growing and significantly underpenetrated. D&B participates in the big data and analytics software market, as defined by Interactive Data Corporation, or IDC, which represents a collection of software markets that functionally address decision support and decision automation. This market includes business intelligence and analytics tools, analytic data management and integration platforms and analytics and performance management applications. Within the broader market of data and analytics solutions, D&B serves a number of different markets, including the commercial credit data, sales and marketing data and Governance, Risk and Compliance ("GRC") markets to provide clients with decisioning support and automation. As D&B continues to drive innovation in its solutions, it expects to address a greater portion of this TAM as new use cases for its data assets and analytical capabilities are introduced.
D&B believes there are several key trends in the global macroeconomic environment generating additional growth in D&B's TAM and increasing the demand for its solutions, including growing recognition by business of the value of analytics and data-informed business decisioning, growth in data creation and applications driven by the proliferation of new technologies with new data sets and applications, advances in analytical capabilities that are unlocking the value of data, and heightened compliance requirements in the regulatory environment for business driven by the growth of new technologies.
Alight. There are many factors today impacting how organizations can succeed and thrive in the future. Employees are facing increasing complexity around healthcare and retirement, and the burden of additional financial responsibility from healthcare costs being shifted from employers to employees. We believe these trends have driven the need for integrated, personalized tools to help them make informed decisions. Employers are facing ever-changing workforce regulations and evolving dynamics across the employer/employee relationship, driving the need for flexibility, engagement and effective solutions for compliance. We believe Alight is uniquely positioned between the employer and employee to address these factors to ultimately drive better outcomes for both.
Alight aims to be the pre-eminent employee engagement partner by providing personalized experiences that help employees make the best decisions for themselves and their families about their health, wealth and wellbeing every day. At the same time, Alight helps employers tackle their biggest people and business challenges by helping them understand prevalence, trends and risks to generate better outcomes for the future and get a return on their people investment. Using data, analytics and AI, Alight derives actionable insights to deliver the business and people outcomes organizations need. Alight provides solutions to manage health and retirement benefits, tools for payroll and HR management, as well as solutions to manage the workforce from the cloud.
Paysafe. Paysafe empowers over 15 million active users in more than 120 countries and over 250,000 businesses across the United States, Canada and Europe to conduct secure and friction-less commerce across online, mobile, in-app and in-store channels, generating over 75% of its revenue from Online and Integrated Commerce solutions. Paysafe focuses on specialized and high-risk verticals, including iGaming (which encompasses a broad selection of online betting related to sports, esports, fantasy sports, poker and other casino games) and Emerging Markets (which include stock, FX and crypto trading, direct marketing, which can include nutraceuticals and multi-level marketing, travel and entertainment, integrated payments and digital goods). Paysafe believes that an increasing percentage of digital commerce around the world is becoming overly complex for traditional retail payment services, many of which still use legacy business processes and technologies that were developed 10 or more years ago to address an earlier generation of eCommerce. These legacy platforms lack the specialized
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functionality, sophisticated risk management and robust regulatory compliance infrastructures that Paysafe believes are required to address this large and fast-growing area of the market.
To address this opportunity, Paysafe has developed a suite of innovative, proprietary digital commerce solutions that it deploys across its network, a unique combination of Business to Business ("B2B") and Business to Consumer ("B2C") relationships. These solutions are intended to help (1) solve the complexities of facilitating digital commerce, (2) remove significant friction and pain points from the customer experience, (3) enable Paysafe's business and consumer clients to transact in a faster, safer and more convenient manner and (4) help its business customers grow their operations by bringing active users to their platforms. Paysafe's solutions extend well beyond the basic card-based payments functionality of traditional payment vendors and target an addressable market that is over 2x larger by providing the advanced capabilities of digital wallets, alternative payment methods ("APMs") and digital currency transactions.
Restaurant Group. Our restaurant operations are focused in the casual dining segment of the restaurant industry. The Restaurant Group's strategy is to achieve long-term profit growth and drive increases in same store sales and guest counts. We have a highly experienced management team that is focused on enhancing the guest experience at our restaurants and building team member engagement. We also utilize a shared service platform that takes advantage of the combined back-office synergies of our restaurant operating companies. Our goal is to maintain a strong balance sheet for our Restaurant Group to provide stability in all operating environments.
The restaurant industry is highly competitive and is often affected by changes in consumer tastes and discretionary spending patterns; changes in general economic conditions; public safety conditions or concerns; demographic trends; weather conditions; the cost of food products, labor, energy and other operating costs; and governmental regulations. Higher labor costs due to state and local minimum wage increases and shopping pattern shifts to e-commerce and “ready to eat” grocery and convenience stores have had a negative impact on restaurant performance, particularly in the casual dining restaurants in which the company operates.
The restaurant industry is also characterized by high capital investments for new restaurants and relatively high fixed or semi-variable restaurant operating expenses. Because of the high fixed and semi-variable expenses, changes in sales in existing restaurants are generally expected to significantly affect restaurant profitability because many restaurant costs and expenses are not expected to change at the same rate as sales. The most significant commodities that may affect our cost of food and beverage are beef, seafood, poultry, and dairy, which accounted for approximately half of our overall cost of food and beverage in the past. Generally, temporary increases in these costs are not passed on to guests; however, in the past, we have adjusted menu prices to compensate for increased costs of a more permanent nature.
Average weekly sales per restaurant are typically higher in the first and fourth quarters than in other quarters, and we typically generate a disproportionate share of our earnings from operations in the first and fourth quarters. Holidays, severe weather and other disruptive conditions may impact sales volumes seasonally in some operating regions.
Our revenues in future periods will continue to be subject to these and other factors that are beyond our control and, as a result, are likely to fluctuate.
Acquisitions, Dispositions, Minority Owned Operating Affiliates and Financings. Acquisitions are an important part of our growth strategy and dispositions, which we expect will continue to be infrequent, are used when the Company identifies opportunities to re-allocate its capital to owning, managing, and operating new companies that provide our shareholders with prudent risk-based returns on their own investment in the Company. On an ongoing basis, with assistance from our Manager and outside advisors, we actively evaluate possible transactions to enhance the value of the companies we own, such as acquisitions of business units and operating assets and business combination transactions.
We primarily engage in various lines of business through long-term ownership together with control or significant influence of companies, though in the future we may seek to sell certain subsidiaries or other assets as part of our capital reallocation initiatives. Further, we may make acquisitions in lines of business that are not directly tied to, or synergistic with, our current operating segments. While we primarily own interests in companies that we controls or have the ability to significantly influence the operations of, we have allocated, and expect to allocate in the future, a smaller portion of our capital to minority ownership stakes in companies over which we do not exercise significant influence or have control.
There can be no assurance that any suitable opportunities will arise or that any particular transaction will be completed. We have made a number of acquisitions and dispositions over the past several years to strengthen and expand the service offerings and customer bases of our businesses, to expand or re-allocate our capital by acquiring significant equity ownership of other businesses or where we otherwise saw value.
Special Purpose Acquisition Companies. In 2020 and early 2021, we made investments in the sponsors of, and forward purchase commitments to purchase equity of, five SPACs. SPACs are companies formed for the purpose of effecting a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization or similar business combination with one or more businesses.
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The following summarizes the Company's equity investments and commitments by SPAC entity:
| SPAC | IPO Date | Target | Business Combination Date | Cannae Invested Capital or Purchase Commitment (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foley Trasimene Acquisition Corp. II ("FTAC II") | August 21, 2020 | Paysafe | March 30, 2021 | $ | 519.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Foley Trasimene Acquisition Corp. ("FTAC") | May 29, 2020 | Alight | July 2, 2021 | 440.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trebia Acquisition Corp. ("Trebia") | June 19, 2020 | System1 | January 27, 2022 | 248.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Austerlitz Acquisition Corporation ("AAI") | March 2, 2021 | (2) | (2) | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Austerlitz Acquisition Corporation II ("AAII") | March 2, 2021 | (2) | (2) | 125.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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(1) For SPACs with a completed business combination, represents Cannae's total invested capital. For SPACs seeking to consummate business combinations, represents Cannae's commitment as of the date of this Annual Report to purchase equity of the listed SPAC and its target upon consummation of each SPACs initial business combination.
(2) Listed SPAC is seeking a target as of the date of this Annual Report.
We believe SPACs are an efficient means for private entities to go public and a unique opportunity for companies to partner with sponsors who provide invaluable industry, operational and capital market experience. We believe our ownership in the SPACs sponsored or co-sponsored by Trasimene and led by our chairman Bill Foley provide an opportunity for Cannae to participate in the management, operation, growth and transformation of businesses with compelling characteristics similar to other of our management team’s prior business acquisitions, including those at Dun & Bradstreet, FNF, Black Knight and Ceridian. The sponsors intend to focus on prospective target businesses that have unseen potential for revenue growth and/or operating margin expansion with high recurring revenue and cash flow, defensible intellectual property and strong market positions within their industries.
The volume of total SPACs outstanding and in the market searching for business combination partners increased significantly in second half of 2020 and early 2021. We and our Manager are committed to finding quality businesses as business combination partners for AAI and AAII (collectively, our "Active SPACs") that meet our stringent criteria. Our Active SPACs have two years from the date of their IPOs to complete a business combination.
COVID-19. In March 2020, the outbreak of COVID-19 was declared a national health emergency in the United States and worldwide. As a result of the unprecedented social restrictions related to COVID-19, our Restaurant Group brands experienced a significant reduction in guest counts beginning in the last two weeks of March 2020 and continuing through the end of the year. In response to the outbreak and these changing conditions, our Restaurant Group brands closed the dining rooms in substantially all of our restaurants in late March 2020 with substantially all remaining closed to dine in customers through early May 2020. During such time, most of our restaurants were solely operating to-go and delivery services in the jurisdictions where government regulations permitted restaurants to continue to operate and where the guest demand made such operations sustainable. We temporarily closed certain restaurants, modified work hours for our Restaurant Group employees and identified and implemented cost savings measures throughout our Restaurant Group operations.
Timing of reopening stores and resulting guest traffic has varied by jurisdiction. In the second half of 2020, our Restaurant Group experienced a gradual increase in guest traffic and revenues compared to the first half of 2020; however, the volume of customers visiting our stores remained below our historical levels through December 31, 2020. We experienced an increase in revenues from to-go and delivery sales from historical experience; however, comparable store sales across all of our restaurant brands remained depressed compared to previous years through the first quarter of 2021.
Coinciding with the first available vaccines for COVID-19 in December 2020, capacity restrictions on dining rooms began to ease in most jurisdictions in which our Restaurant Group operates. Furthermore, the U.S. government provided significant stimulus to consumers through direct payments to U.S. citizens. Through the first quarter of 2021, we were still operating a limited number of restaurants with restricted capacity. In light of recent spread of new variants of COVID-19, uncertainty remains regarding the continued rate of immunization in the public, timing of an economic recovery, and changed guest decision-making with regard to dining in restaurants. Through the year ended December 31, 2021, we experienced increases in same store sales compared to the corresponding period in 2020. However, same store sales remain lower compared to the corresponding period in 2019.
The COVID-19 outbreak and these responses have affected and, with the unpredictable impact of future variants of COVID-19, may continue to adversely affect our Restaurant Group brands' guest traffic, sales and operating costs. See further discussion of the impact of COVID-19 on our Restaurant Group in the Results of Operations subsection in Item 7 of Part II of this Annual Report. See Item 1A of Part I of this Annual Report for further discussion of risk factors related to COVID-19.
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Competition
Dun & Bradstreet. Dun & Bradstreet primarily competes on the basis of differentiated data sets, analytical capabilities, solutions, client relationships, innovation and price. D&B believes that it competes favorably in each of these categories across its business segments. D&B's competitors vary based on the client size and geographical markets that its solutions cover.
For Dun & Bradstreet's finance and risk solutions segment, its competition generally varies by client size. D&B has a leading presence in the enterprise market as clients place a high degree of value on our best-in-class commercial credit database to inform their critical decisions around the extension of credit. D&B’s main competitors in the enterprise and mid-market include Bureau van Dijk (owned by Moody’s Corporation) in Europe and Equifax and Experian in North America. In the small and mid-size company market, commercial credit health becomes increasingly tied to consumer credit health. D&B's competition in this market generally includes Equifax, Experian and other consumer credit providers that offer commercial data. Additionally, there is a fragmented tail of low cost, vertical and regionally focused point solutions in this market that may be attractive to certain clients, but lack the scale and coverage breadth to compete holistically.
For Dun & Bradstreet's sales and marketing solutions segment, its competition has historically been very fragmented with many players offering varying levels of data quantity and quality, and with data being collected in ways that may cross ethical and privacy boundaries. Dun & Bradstreet strives to protect the data and privacy of its clients and to maintain the highest standards in the ethical acquisition, aggregation, curation and delivery of data. D&B's direct competitors vary depending on use cases, such as market segmentation, digital marketing lead generation, lead enrichment, sales effectiveness and data management. In the market for contact data, D&B's competition generally includes ZoomInfo and a few consultancies building bespoke solutions. For other sales and marketing solutions such as customer data platform, visitor intelligence, audience targeting and intent data, D&B faces a number of smaller competitors.
Overall, outside North America, D&B's competitive environment varies by region and country, and can be significantly impacted by the legislative actions of local governments, availability of data and local business preferences. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, D&B's direct competition for its finance and risk solutions segment is primarily from Bureau van Dijk, Creditsafe and Experian. Additionally, in D&B's sales and marketing solutions segment, the landscape in these markets is both localized and fragmented, where numerous local players of varying sizes compete for business. In Asia Pacific, D&B faces competition in its finance and risk solutions segment from a mix of local and global providers. D&B competes with Sinotrust International Information & Consulting (Beijing) Co., Ltd., in China and local competitors in India. In addition, as in the United Kingdom, D&B's sales and marketing solutions landscape throughout Asia is localized and fragmented.
Alight. The markets for Alight's solutions are competitive, rapidly evolving and fragmented. Its business faces competition from other global and national companies. The markets for Alight's solutions are subject to change as a result of economic, regulatory and legislative changes, technological developments, shifting client needs and increased competition from established and new competitors. We do not believe there is any single competitor with the breadth of Alight's solutions, and thus Alight's competitors vary for each of its solutions. Alight competes primarily on the basis of product and service quality, technology, breadth of offerings, ease of use and accessibility of technology, data protection, innovation, trust and reliability, price, and reputation.
Paysafe. The global payments industry is highly competitive, rapidly changing, highly innovative and increasingly subject to regulatory scrutiny and oversight. Paysafe competes against a wide range of businesses, including businesses that are larger than it is, have a dominant and secure position, or offer other products and services to consumers and merchants that Paysafe does not offer, as well as smaller companies that may be able to respond more quickly to regulatory and technological changes than Paysafe can. Paysafe competes against all forms of payments, including credit and debit cards; automated clearing house and bank transfers; other online payment services, local alternative payment methods, and digital wallets; mobile payments; cryptocurrencies and distributed ledger technologies; and offline payment methods, including cash and check. Paysafe also competes against banks, merchant acquirers, and third-party payment processors. Paysafe competes primarily on the basis of brand recognition, distribution network and channel options, convenience, variety of payment methods, product and service offerings, customer service for both consumers and merchants, trust and reliability, speed, data protection and security, price and innovation.
Restaurant Group. The restaurant industry is highly competitive and is often affected by changes in consumer tastes. Competition for our restaurant brands varies by location. In general, our restaurant brands compete within each market with national and regional chains and locally-owned restaurants for guests, management and hourly personnel and suitable real estate sites. Restaurants are increasingly competing with grocery stores who are expanding their offerings of quick serve, ready-made meals and meal kits and with meal kit delivery services, which have increased market share over the last couple years. We expect to continue to compete in these areas.
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Competitive Strengths
Proven management team. Our Board and executive management team, led by Bill Foley, has a proven track record of identifying, acquiring, managing and operating businesses. Bill Foley has led the creation of several multi-billion dollar companies with hundreds of acquisitions across diverse platforms, including, FNF, Fidelity National Information Services, Inc., Black Knight, Ceridian, and D&B. Our Board and executive management's breadth of knowledge of operational matters and capital markets allows us to identify companies and strategic assets with attractive value propositions, to structure acquisitions to maximize the value acquired businesses, and to return the value created to our shareholders through long-term profitable operation of those businesses and, when appropriate, dispositions. We believe the Externalization under the Management Services Agreement enhances our executive management team’s ability to provide these services.
Intellectual Property
Dun & Bradstreet. D&B owns and controls various intellectual property rights, such as trade secrets, confidential information, trademarks, service marks, tradenames, copyrights, patents and applications to the foregoing. These rights, in the aggregate, are of material importance to Dun & Bradstreet's business. D&B believes that the Dun & Bradstreet name and related tradenames, marks and logos are also of material importance to its business. Dun & Bradstreet is licensed to use certain technology and other intellectual property rights owned and controlled by others, and other companies are licensed to use certain technology and other intellectual property rights owned and controlled by it. Dun & Bradstreet's trademarks, service marks, databases, software, copyrights, patents, patent applications and other intellectual property are proprietary and accordingly it relies on a combination of statutory (e.g., copyright, trademark, trade secret, patent, etc.) and contract and liability safeguards for protecting them throughout the world.
Dun & Bradstreet owns patents and patent applications both in the U.S. and in other selected countries. The patents and patent applications include claims, which pertain to certain technologies and inventions that D&B has determined are proprietary and warrant patent protection. The protection of its innovative technology and inventions, such as its proprietary methods for data curation and identity resolution, through the filing of patent applications, is part of Dun & Bradstreet's business strategy. Filing of patent applications may or may not provide Dun & Bradstreet with a dominant position in the fields of technology. However, these patents and/or patent applications may provide Dun & Bradstreet with legal defenses should subsequent patents in these fields be issued to third-parties and later asserted against it. Where appropriate, Dun & Bradstreet may also consider asserting or cross-licensing its patents.
Alight. Alight's intellectual property portfolio is comprised of various copyrights (including copyrights in software) and trademarks, as well as certain trade secrets or proprietary know-how of its business. Alight's success has resulted in part from its proprietary methodologies, process and other intellectual property, such as certain of its platforms. However, any of Alight's proprietary rights could be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, or may not provide significant competitive advantages.
Alight's business relies on software provided by both internal development and external sourcing to deliver its services. With respect to internally developed software, Alight claims copyright on all such software, registering works where appropriate. Alight requires all employees and contractors to assign to it the rights to works developed on Alight's behalf. In addition, Alight relies on maintaining source code confidentiality to maintain its market competitiveness. With respect to externally sourced software, Alight relies on contracts to allow for continued access for its business usage.
In the United States, trademark registrations may have a perpetual life, subject to continuous use and renewal every ten years, and may be subject to cancellation or invalidation based on certain use requirements and third-party challenges, or on other grounds. Alight vigorously enforces and protects its trademarks.
Paysafe. Paysafe relies upon a combination of copyrights, trade secrets, trademarks, license agreements, confidentiality policies and procedures, nondisclosure agreements and technical measures designed to protect the intellectual property and commercially valuable confidential information and data used in its business in jurisdictions around the world. Paysafe seeks to protect its intellectual property rights by relying on applicable laws and regulations in the United States and internationally, as well as a variety of administrative procedures. Paysafe also relies on contractual restrictions to protect its proprietary rights when offering or procuring products and services. Paysafe has not applied for any patents in respect of its electronic payment processing systems and cannot give assurances that any patent applications will be made or that, if they are made, they will be granted. Additionally, it is possible that third parties, including its competitors, may obtain patents relating to technologies that overlap or compete with Paysafe's technology. If third parties obtain patent protection with respect to such technologies, they may assert that Paysafe's technology infringes their patents and seek to charge Paysafe a licensing fee or otherwise preclude Paysafe from using its technology.
Restaurant Group. We regard our Restaurant Group's service marks, including "O'Charley's", "Ninety Nine" and other service marks and trademarks as important factors in the marketing of our restaurants. In the year ended December 31, 2021, we sold our previously held "Legendary Baking" and "Village Inn" trademarks. We have also obtained trademarks for several of our brands' menu items and for various advertising slogans. We are aware of names and marks similar to our Restaurant
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Group's service marks and trademarks used by other persons in certain geographic areas where we have restaurants. However, we believe such uses will not adversely affect us. Our policy is to pursue registration of our marks whenever possible and to oppose vigorously any infringement of our marks.
We license the use of our registered trademarks and service marks to franchisees and third parties through franchise arrangements and licenses. The franchise and license arrangements restrict franchisees' and licensees' activities with respect to the use of our trademarks and service marks, and impose quality control standards in connection with goods and services offered in connection with the trademarks and service marks.
Government Regulation
Paysafe. Laws and regulations in jurisdictions around the world apply to many key aspects of Paysafe's business. Any actual or perceived failure to comply with these requirements may result in, among other things, revocation of required licenses or registrations, loss of approved status, private litigation, regulatory or governmental investigations, administrative enforcement actions, sanctions (including public fines), civil and criminal liability, public censures and constraints on Paysafe's ability to continue to operate, as well as potentially adverse effects on its brand and position with respect to competitors. It is also possible that current or future laws or regulations could be interpreted or applied in a manner that would prohibit, alter, or impair Paysafe's existing or planned products and services, or that could require costly, time-consuming, or otherwise burdensome compliance measures from Paysafe. The laws and regulations applicable to the payments industry in any given jurisdiction are subject to interpretation and change.
Paysafe's payment networks are primarily subject to regulation in Europe under the Financial Conduct Authority and the Central Bank of Ireland and in the U.S. under the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, Federal Trade Commission Act and the U.S. Department of Treasury Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. Paysafe has extensive internal regulatory compliance oversight functions which monitor compliance with the laws and regulations applicable in the jurisdictions in which Paysafe is licensed and in which they operate.
Information Security
We and our unconsolidated affiliates are highly dependent on information technology networks and systems to securely process, transmit and store electronic information. Attacks on information technology systems continue to grow in frequency, complexity and sophistication. Such attacks have become a point of focus for individuals, businesses and governmental entities. These attacks can create system disruptions, shutdowns or unauthorized disclosure of confidential information, including non-public personal information, consumer data and proprietary business information.
We and our unconsolidated affiliates remain focused on making strategic investments in information security to protect the clients and information systems of our operating subsidiaries and unconsolidated affiliates. This includes both capital expenditures and operating expenses on hardware, software, personnel and consulting services. As the primary products and services of our operating subsidiaries and unconsolidated affiliates evolve, we apply a comprehensive approach to the mitigation of identified security risks. We have established risk management policies, including those related to information security and cybersecurity, designed to monitor and mitigate information security related risks.
Human Capital Resources
Employees
As of December 31, 2021, Cannae and our consolidated subsidiaries had 12,938 employees, which includes 12,779 in our Restaurant Group and 159 in the various consolidated businesses comprising our Corporate and other segment. None of our employees are unionized or represented by any collective agency. We believe that our relations with employees are generally good.
Our Manager and Cannae LLC rely on the experience and expertise of a small number of highly qualified employees which make up our corporate management team. We continually assess our management team's capabilities and capacity with a view toward the long term sustainability of the Company's operations.
Diversity
Diversity is a key component of our success, both at Cannae and within our portfolio companies. We stand committed to our philosophy that all employees deserve an inclusive workplace, one where each employee feels heard and empowered. We believe that the diversity of our employees and directors provides a variety of ideas and perspectives that allow us to achieve superior business results. Cannae and Cannae’s portfolio companies are committed to being equal opportunity employers and enhancing diversity and inclusion across our businesses. Cannae’s Code of Conduct & Ethics prohibits discrimination and harassment. Our nondiscrimination policy is distributed to all employees as part of our employee handbook, which employees must acknowledge annually. Our employees participate in annual programs including: Code of Business Conduct and Ethics Training, and Reporting Harassment: Everyone’s Responsibility Training.
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Board Diversity
In 2019, our board codified its commitment to diversity when selecting new director nominees, including candidates with a diversity of age, gender, nationality, race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation by integrating this language into the director selection criteria in our Corporate Governance Guidelines. As of December 2021, four out of eleven directors identify themselves as diverse.
Sustainability
Cannae recognizes that in our rapidly changing global economy, the management of Environmental, Social, & Governance (“ESG”) risks and opportunities is important for our long-term business success. Our Company and our board are committed to addressing ESG issues to better serve our employees, business partners, and the communities where we live and work. Cannae aims to achieve superior financial performance for shareholders and maximize the value of our assets while mitigating risk, and manage our business in an environmentally responsible, socially responsible, and ethical manner.
To honor that commitment at the highest levels of the Company, our management team leads our ESG efforts. Our board of directors’ audit committee reviews these efforts.
Our ESG efforts are focused on:
Responsible Investment. ESG is embedded across Cannae’s investment approach: from our due diligence in investment selection, to our value creation partnerships. We manage ESG issues in our investments to help Cannae generate stronger returns for our shareholders while improving our impact on society. Dun & Bradstreet is enhancing responsible business practices through automated solutions. Ceridian is focused on helping organizations enhance human capital management while supporting the communities where employees live and work through Ceridian Cares, an employee-driven charity. Alight is committed to helping companies care for their biggest asset – their people—by empowering workers and their families to make confident decisions around their health, wealth and wellbeing. The Restaurant Group is building inclusive workplaces while driving community outcomes in the areas where we operate. Our companies each have unique impacts, and we are working to further formalize and enhance the management of ESG across our entire portfolio.
Preserving the Environment. Cannae recognizes the importance of conducting business in an environmentally responsible manner and integrating responsible environmental management practices into our operations. We are continually improving our environmental management practices at our Las Vegas headquarters. From efforts to reduce water consumption and participate in recycling programs, we are working to reduce our environmental impact.
Supporting Our Employees and Communities. Cannae is dedicated to serving our employees and their families, building a diverse and inclusive workplace, and supporting our local communities. We value our talented workforces and the outstanding contributions our employees make each day. We are dedicated to attracting, developing, and retaining talented teams through competitive compensation and benefits, and building a diverse and inclusive workplace. Cannae believes in the importance of volunteerism and philanthropy to strengthen and engage local communities across our portfolio companies. Through local community involvement, corporate initiatives, and philanthropic giving – as well as an active community volunteer ethos – we work hard each day to support the communities we all live in.
Operating Ethically. Cannae is committed to strong governance systems and policies that ensure fair, transparent, and efficient business practices. Our reputation for integrity is one of our most important assets and each of our employees and directors is expected to contribute to the care and preservation of that asset. We operate in ways that are fair, transparent, and compliant with all applicable regulations. We implement strong governance practices, policies, training, and reporting avenues to encourage and promote that all employees adhere to the highest standards for business integrity.
For further details on our ESG program and progress, please see the investor relations page of our website.
Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Information
The statements contained in this Annual Report or in our other documents or in oral presentations or other statements made by our management that are not purely historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act") including statements regarding our expectations, hopes, intentions, or strategies regarding the future. These statements relate to, among other things, future financial and operating results of the Company. In many cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as "may," "will," "should," "expect," "plan," "anticipate," "believe," "estimate," "predict," "potential," or "continue," or the negative of these terms and other comparable terminology. Actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these statements as a result of a number of factors, including, but not limited to the following:
•changes in general economic, business, and political conditions, including changes in the financial markets and changes in conditions resulting from the outbreak of a pandemic such as COVID-19;
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•compliance with extensive government regulation of our operating subsidiaries and adverse changes in applicable laws or regulations or in their application by regulators;
•the effects of the Externalization and the Management Services Agreement;
•loss of key personnel that could negatively affect our financial results and impair our operating abilities;
•our potential inability to find suitable acquisition candidates, as well as the risks associated with acquisitions in lines of business that will not necessarily be limited to our traditional areas of focus, or difficulties integrating acquisitions;
•other risks detailed in "Risk Factors" below and elsewhere in this document and in our other filings with the SEC.
We are not under any obligation (and expressly disclaim any such obligation) to update or alter our forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. You should carefully consider the possibility that actual results may differ materially from our forward-looking statements.
Additional Information
The Company’s Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to reports filed pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Exchange Act, are filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). The Company is subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act and files or furnishes reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov.
Our website address is www.cannaeholdings.com. We make available free of charge on or through our website our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. However, the information found on our website is not part of this or any other report.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors
In the course of conducting our business operations, we are exposed to a variety of risks, some of which are inherent in our industry and others of which are more specific to our own businesses. In addition to the other information set forth in this Annual Report and other filings we have made and make in the future with the SEC, you should carefully consider the following risk factors and uncertainties, which could materially affect our business, financial condition or results of operations in future periods. However, other factors not discussed below or elsewhere in this Annual Report could also adversely affect our businesses, results of operations and financial condition. Therefore, the risk factors below should not be considered a complete list of potential risks that we may face.
Risks Relating to the Company's Structure
We may become subject to the Investment Company Act of 1940.
We do not believe that we are subject to regulation under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “40 Act”). We primarily acquire interests in operating companies and are engaged in actively managing and operating a core group of those companies, which we are committed to supporting for the long-term. Our officers, the Manager and any employees who provide services to us pursuant to the terms of our corporate services agreement with FNF devote their activities to these businesses. Based on these factors, we believe that we are not an investment company under the 40 Act, including under Section 3(b)(1) of the 40 Act, and we intend to continue to conduct our operations so that we will not be deemed an investment company. If, at any time, we become or are determined to be primarily engaged in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities, we could become subject to regulation under the 40 Act. In these circumstances, after giving effect to any applicable grace periods, we may be required to register as an investment company, which could result in significant registration and compliance costs, could require changes to our corporate governance structure and financial reporting, and could restrict our activities going forward. In addition, if we were to become subject to the 40 Act, any violation of the 40 Act could subject us to material adverse consequences, including potentially significant regulatory penalties and the possibility that certain of our contracts would be deemed unenforceable.
Certain executive officers and members of our Board of Directors have or will have interests and positions that could present potential conflicts.
Certain executive officers and members of our Board serve on the boards of directors of other entities or are employed by other entities, including but not limited to D&B, Trasimene, Alight, Paysafe, FNF, Black Knight or our Active SPACs.
As a result of the foregoing, there may be circumstances where certain executive officers and directors may be subject to conflicts of interest with respect to, among other things: (i) our ongoing relationships with D&B, Trasimene, Alight, Paysafe, FNF or our Active SPACs; (ii) business opportunities arising for any of us, D&B, Trasimene, Alight, Paysafe, FNF, Black Knight or our Active SPACs; and (iii) conflicts of time with respect to matters potentially or actually involving or affecting us. For example, from time to time, we may enter into transactions with D&B, Trasimene, Alight, Paysafe, FNF or Black Knight and/or their respective subsidiaries or other affiliates. There can be no assurance that the terms of any such transactions will be as favorable to our company or any of our respective subsidiaries or affiliates as would be the case where there is no overlapping director.
We have in place a code of business conduct and ethics prescribing procedures for managing conflicts of interest and our risk management and compliance functions and our audit committee are responsible for the review, approval or ratification of any potential conflicts of interest transactions. Additionally, we expect that interested directors will abstain from decisions with respect to conflicts of interest as a matter of practice. However, there can be no assurance that such measures will be effective, that we will be able to resolve all potential conflicts or that the resolution of any such conflicts will be no less favorable to us than if we were dealing with an unaffiliated third party.
Refer to Note R to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information related to our related party relationships and transactions with FNF and our Manager.
Risks Relating to the Externalization and Our Manager
The Management Service Agreement was negotiated between related parties and the terms, including fees payable, may not be as favorable to us as if it were negotiated with an unaffiliated third party.
Because our Manager is owned by certain of our directors and executive officers, the Management Services Agreement was developed by related parties, although our independent directors reviewed and approved the Management Services Agreement. The terms of the Management Services Agreement, including fees payable, may not reflect the terms we may have received if it was negotiated with an unrelated third party. In addition, particularly as a result of our relationship with the principal owners of the Manager, who are certain directors and members of our management team, our independent directors may determine that it is in the best interests of our shareholders not to enforce, or to enforce less vigorously, our rights under the Management Services Agreement because of our desire to maintain our ongoing relationship with our Manager.
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Our executive officers, directors and Manager may allocate some of their time to other businesses, thereby causing conflicts of interest in their determination as to how much time to devote to our affairs, which may materially adversely affect our results of operations.
While the members of our management team anticipate devoting a substantial amount of their time to the affairs of the Company, our executive officers, directors, Manager and other members of our management team may engage in other business activities. This may result in a conflict of interest in allocating their time between our operations and our management and the operations of other businesses. Their other business endeavors may involve related or unrelated parties. Conflicts of interest that arise over the allocation of time may not always be resolved in our favor and may materially adversely affect our results of operations.
Conflicts of interest could arise in connection with certain of our directors’ and executive officers’ discharge of fiduciary duties to our shareholders.
Certain of our directors and executive officers are members of the Manager. Such persons, by virtue of their positions with us, have fiduciary duties to us and our shareholders. The duties of such persons as directors or executive officers to us and our shareholders may conflict with the interests of such persons in their capacities as members or employees of the Manager.
Our Manager and members of our management team may engage in activities that compete with us or our businesses.
While the members of our management team intend to devote a substantial majority of their time to the affairs of the Company, and while our Manager currently does not manage any other businesses that are in lines of business similar to our businesses, neither our management team nor our Manager is expressly prohibited from investing in or managing other entities, including those that are in the same or similar line of business as our businesses, or required to present any particular acquisition or business opportunity to the Company. In this regard, the Management Services Agreement and the obligation thereunder to provide management services to us will not create a mutually exclusive relationship between our Manager, on the one hand, and the Company, on the other.
We cannot remove our Manager solely for poor performance, which could limit our ability to improve our performance and could adversely affect the market price of our shares.
Under the terms of the Management Services Agreement, our Manager may not be removed as a result of underperformance. Instead, the Company may only remove our Manager in certain limited circumstances or upon a vote by a majority of the Company’s Board of Directors to terminate the Management Services Agreement. This limitation could adversely affect the market price of our shares.
Our Manager can resign on 180 days’ notice, subject to a limited extension, and we may not be able to find a suitable replacement, resulting in a disruption in our operations that could materially adversely affect our financial condition, business and results of operations as well as the market price of our shares.
Our Manager has the right, under the Management Services Agreement, to resign at any time on 180 days’ written notice, whether we have found a replacement or not, subject to the Company’s right to extend such period by an additional 180 days or until a replacement manager has been in place for 30 days, if no replacement manager has been found by the 150th day following the Manager’s notice of resignation. If our Manager resigns, we may not be able to contract with a new manager or hire internal management with similar expertise and ability to provide the same or equivalent services on acceptable terms within 180 days (subject to possible extension), or at all, in which case our operations are likely to experience a disruption; our financial condition, business and results of operations as well as our ability to pay distributions are likely to be adversely affected; and the market price of our shares may decline. In addition, the coordination of our internal management, acquisition activities and supervision of our businesses is likely to suffer if we are unable to identify and reach an agreement with a single institution or group of executives having the expertise possessed by our Manager. Even if we are able to retain comparable management, whether internal or external, the integration of such management and their lack of familiarity with our businesses may result in additional costs and time delays that could materially adversely affect our financial condition, business and results of operations.
We must pay our Manager the management fee regardless of our performance.
Our Manager is entitled to receive a management fee that is based on our cost of invested capital, as defined in the Management Services Agreement, regardless of the performance of our businesses. The calculation of the management fee is unrelated to the Company’s results of operations. As a result, the management fee may incentivize our Manager to increase the amount of invested capital.
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We cannot determine the amount of the management fee that will be paid over time with any certainty, nor are we able to determine with any certainty the amount of carried interest that will be paid over time, and our payment of such fees and carried interest to the Manager may significantly reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to our shareholders.
Under the Management Services Agreement, the Company will be obligated to pay a management fee to and, subject to certain exceptions, reimburse the costs and out-of-pocket expenses of our Manager incurred on behalf of the Company in connection with the provision of services to the Company. The management fee is calculated by reference to the Company’s cost of invested capital, which will be impacted by the acquisition or disposition of, and additional capital contributions and investments in, businesses, which can be significantly influenced by our Manager, as well as the performance of our businesses and other businesses we may acquire in the future. Changes in cost of invested capital and in the resulting management fee could be significant, resulting in a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations. In addition, if the performance of the Company declines, assuming cost of invested capital remains the same, management fees will increase as a percentage of the Company’s net income.
Furthermore, we cannot determine the amount of carried interest with respect to liquidity events involving the Company's businesses that will be paid over time with any certainty. Such determination would be dependent on the potential sale proceeds received for any of our businesses and the performance of the Company and its businesses over a multi-year period of time, among other factors that cannot be predicted with certainty at this time. Such factors may have a significant impact on the amount of any carried interest to be paid to the Manager. Likewise, such determination would be dependent on whether certain hurdles were surpassed giving rise to a payment of carried interest.
While it is difficult to quantify with any certainty the actual amount of any such payments in the future, such amounts could be substantial. The management fee and carried interest will be payment obligations of the Company and, as a result, will be paid, along with other Company obligations, prior to the payment of distributions to shareholders. As a result the payment of these amounts may significantly reduce the amount of cash flow available for distribution to our shareholders. If we do not have sufficient liquid assets to pay the management fee when such payments are due, we may be required to liquidate assets or incur debt in order to make such payments. This circumstance could materially adversely affect our liquidity and ability to make distributions to our shareholders.
Our profit allocation may induce our Manager to make suboptimal decisions regarding our operations.
Our Manager will receive carried interest based on profits in excess of an annualized hurdle rate upon a liquidity event involving a Company investment. In this respect, a calculation and payment of carried interest may be triggered upon the sale of one of our businesses. As a result, our Manager may be incentivized to recommend the sale of one or more of our businesses to our Board of Directors at a time that may not be optimal for our shareholders.
Risks Relating to the Restaurant Group
The COVID-19 outbreak has disrupted and may continue to disrupt the business of our Restaurant Group, which has and could continue to materially affect our Restaurant Group's operations, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows for an extended period of time.
The COVID-19 outbreak, the federal, state and local government responses to COVID-19 and our responses to the outbreak have all disrupted and will continue to disrupt our Restaurant Group businesses. In the United States, individuals are being encouraged to practice social distancing, in most places are restricted from gathering in groups and in many cases, placed on complete restriction from non-essential movements outside of their homes. In response to the COVID-19 outbreak and these changing conditions, we closed the dining rooms in substantially all of our restaurants in late March 2020 with substantially all remaining closed through early May 2020. During such time, most of our restaurants were solely operating to-go and delivery services in the jurisdictions where government regulations permit restaurants to continue to operate and where the guest demand made such operations sustainable. We temporarily closed certain restaurants, modified work hours for our Restaurant Group employees and identified and implemented cost savings measures throughout our Restaurant Group operations. If the COVID-19 outbreak arises again as a result of new variants, we may again be required to close the dining rooms in substantially all of our restaurants and solely operate to-go and delivery services, which would further adversely affect the results of operations of our Restaurant Group.
The COVID-19 outbreak and these responses have affected and, with the unpredictable impact of future variants of COVID-19 and related government responses to any future outbreaks, may continue to adversely affect our Restaurant Group brands' guest traffic, sales and operating costs and we cannot predict how long the outbreak will last or what other government responses may occur.
Suppliers of our Restaurant Group could be adversely impacted by the COVID-19 outbreak. If our Restaurant Group's suppliers’ access to resources is constrained or their employees are unable to work, whether because of illness, quarantine, limitations on travel or other government restrictions in connection with COVID-19, our Restaurant Group businesses could
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face shortages of food items or other restaurant supplies and our Restaurant Group's operations and sales could be adversely impacted by such supply interruptions.
The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the historical financial results of our Restaurant Group and depending on the duration and scope, such impact could have a material adverse impact on our future financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
See further discussion of the impact of COVID-19 on our Restaurant Group's results in the Results of Operations subsection in Item 7 of Part II of this Annual Report.
The Restaurant Group companies face significant competition for customers, real estate and employees and competitive pressure to adapt to changes in conditions driving customer demand. The Restaurant Group companies' inability to compete effectively may affect guest counts, sales and profit margins, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The restaurant industry is intensely competitive with a substantial number of restaurant operators that compete directly and indirectly with the Restaurant Group companies with respect to price, service, ambiance, brand, customer service, dining experience, location, food quality and variety and value perception of menu items and there are other well established competitors with substantially greater financial and other resources than the Restaurant Group companies. Some of our Restaurant Group companies' competitors advertise on national television, which may provide customers with greater awareness and name recognition than our Restaurant Group companies can achieve through their advertising efforts. There is also active competition for management personnel and attractive suitable real estate sites. Consumer tastes and perceptions, nutritional and dietary trends, guest count patterns and the type, number and location of competing restaurants often affect the restaurant business, and our Restaurant Group companies' competitors may react more efficiently and effectively to those conditions. For instance, prevailing health or dietary preferences or perceptions of our Restaurant Group companies' products may cause consumers to avoid certain menu items or products our Restaurant Group companies offer in favor of foods that are perceived as more healthy, and such choices by consumers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, our Restaurant Group companies face growing competition from the supermarket industry, with the improvement of their "convenient meals" in the deli and prepared food sections, from quick service and fast casual restaurants and online food delivery services as a result of food and beverage offerings by those food providers. As our Restaurant Group companies' competitors expand operations in markets where our restaurant businesses operate or expect to operate, we expect competition to intensify. If our Restaurant Group companies are unable to continue to compete effectively, their guest counts, sales and profit margins could decline, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Increased commodity, energy and other costs could decrease our Restaurant Group companies' profit margins or cause the Restaurant Group companies to limit or otherwise modify their menus, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The cost, availability and quality of ingredients restaurant operations use to prepare their food is subject to a range of factors, many of which are beyond their control. A significant component of our restaurant businesses' costs will be related to food commodities, including beef, pork, chicken, seafood, poultry, dairy products, oils, produce, fruit, flour and other related costs such as energy and transportation over which we may have little control, that can be subject to significant price fluctuations due to seasonal shifts, climate conditions, industry demand, changes in international commodity markets and other factors. If there is a substantial increase in prices for these commodities, our Restaurant Group companies' results of operations may be negatively affected. In addition, the Restaurant Group companies' restaurants are dependent upon frequent deliveries of perishable food products that meet certain specifications. Shortages or interruptions in the supply of perishable food products caused by unanticipated demand, problems in production or distribution, disease or food-borne illnesses, inclement weather or other conditions could adversely affect the availability, quality, and cost of ingredients, which would likely lower revenues, damage the Restaurant Group companies' reputation or otherwise harm our business.
Negative customer experiences or negative publicity surrounding our Restaurant Group companies' restaurants or other restaurants could adversely affect sales in one or more of our Restaurant Group companies' restaurants and make our concepts less valuable, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Because we believe our Restaurant Group companies' success depends significantly on their ability to provide exceptional food quality, outstanding service and an excellent overall dining experience, adverse publicity, whether or not accurate, relating to food quality, public health concerns, illness, safety, injury or government or industry findings concerning our Restaurant Group companies' restaurants, restaurants operated by other food service providers or others across the food industry supply chain could affect our Restaurant Group companies more than it would other restaurants that compete primarily on price or other factors. If customers perceive or experience a reduction in the food quality, service or ambiance at our Restaurant Group companies' restaurants or in any way believe our Restaurant Group companies' restaurants have failed to deliver a consistently
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positive experience, the value and popularity of one or more of our Restaurant Group companies' concepts could suffer. Further, because our restaurant businesses rely heavily on "word-of-mouth," as opposed to more conventional mediums of advertisement, to establish concept recognition, our restaurant businesses may be more adversely affected by negative customer experiences than other dining establishments, including those of our restaurant businesses' competitors.
Our restaurant businesses could suffer due to reduced demand for our restaurant businesses' brands or specific menu offerings if our restaurant businesses are the subject of negative publicity or litigation regarding allegations of food-related contaminations or illnesses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Food safety is a top priority, and our Restaurant Group companies dedicate substantial resources to ensuring that their customers enjoy safe, quality food products. Food-related contaminations and illnesses may be caused by a variety of food-borne pathogens, such as E. coli or salmonella, which are frequently carried on unwashed fruits and vegetables, from a variety of illnesses transmitted by restaurant workers, such as hepatitis A, which may not be diagnosed prior to being infectious, and from contamination of food by foreign substances. Contamination and food borne illness incidents could also be caused at the point of source or by food suppliers and distributors. As a result, we cannot control all of the potential sources of contamination or illness that can be contained in or transmitted from our Restaurant Group companies' food. Regardless of the source or cause, any report of food-borne illnesses or other food safety issues including food tampering or contamination, at one of our Restaurant Group companies' restaurants could adversely affect the reputation of our Restaurant Group companies' brands and have a negative impact on their sales. Even instances of food-borne illness, food tampering or food contamination occurring solely at restaurants of our Restaurant Group companies' competitors or at one of our Restaurant Group companies' suppliers could result in negative publicity about the food service industry generally and adversely impact our Restaurant Group companies' sales.
If any person becomes injured or ill, or alleges becoming injured or ill, as a result of eating our Restaurant Group companies' food, our Restaurant Group companies may temporarily close some restaurants or their bakery facilities, which would decrease their revenues, and our restaurant businesses may be liable for damages or be subject to governmental regulatory action, either of which could have long-lasting, negative effects on our restaurant businesses' reputation, financial condition and results of operations, regardless of whether the allegations are valid or whether our restaurant businesses are found liable. The occurrence of food-borne illnesses or food safety issues could also adversely affect the price and availability of affected ingredients, resulting in higher costs and lower margins.
The success of the Restaurant Group depends, in part, on its intellectual property, which we may be unable to protect.
We regard our Restaurant Group's service marks, including "O'Charley's," "Ninety Nine" and other service marks and trademarks as important factors in the marketing of our restaurants. We have also obtained trademarks for several of our brands' menu items and for various advertising slogans. We are aware of names and marks similar to our Restaurant Group's service marks and trademarks used by other persons in certain geographic areas where we have restaurants. Our policy is to pursue registration of our marks whenever possible and to oppose vigorously any infringement of our marks.
Risk Relating to Dun & Bradstreet
D&B could lose its access to data sources or ability to transfer data across the data sources in markets it operates, which could prevent D&B from providing its solutions.
D&B's solutions depend extensively upon continued access to and receipt of data from external sources, including data received from clients, strategic partners and various government and public records repositories. In some cases, D&B competes with its data providers. D&B's data providers could stop providing data, provide untimely data or increase the costs for their data for a variety of reasons, including a perception that its systems are unsecure as a result of a data security incidents, budgetary constraints, a desire to generate additional revenue or for regulatory or competitive reasons. For example, the ability of D&B's data providers to process and analyze such data may be constrained by government mandates to work remotely. In 2021, following a 2020 ruling by the Court of Justice of the European Union in its Case 311/18 Data Protection Commission v Facebook Ireland and Maximillian Schrems (Schrems II), European regulators and the European Commission adopted prescriptive measures for assessing and demonstrating that all cross-border data transfers comply with the ruling. Additionally, in 2021, China adopted its own restrictions on cross-border data transfers under its new DSL and PIPL data compliance laws. As a result of these developments and related regulatory decisions, D&B has become and may become subject to further increased restrictions or mandates on the collection, disclosure or use or transfer of such data, in particular if such data is not collected by D&B's providers in a way that allows it to legally use the data or cannot be transferred out of the country where it has been collected. D&B may not be successful in maintaining its relationships with these external data source providers or be able to continue to obtain data from them on acceptable terms or at all. Furthermore, D&B may not able to obtain data from alternative sources if its current sources become unavailable. If D&B were to lose access to this external data or if its access or use were restricted or were to become less economical or desirable, D&B's ability to provide solutions could be negatively impacted, which could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Risks Relating to Paysafe
Paysafe’s focus on specialized industry verticals can increase its risks relative to other companies in its industry.
Paysafe focuses on specialized and high-risk industry verticals, including iGaming (which encompasses a broad selection of online betting related to sports, esports, fantasy sports, poker and other casino games), digital trading, cryptocurrencies, nutraceuticals, Cannabidiol (CBD) products and multi-level marketing. Although this focus distinguishes Paysafe from industry peers, it also increases risks inherent in its business and broader industry. For example:
•the industry verticals Paysafe serves are extensively regulated, and their regulation is evolving and subject to frequent change and uncertain interpretation. As a result of regulatory action, Paysafe has had to exit a market altogether, limit services it provides, or otherwise modify its business in ways that have adversely impacted profitability. Paysafe is also exposed to a higher risk of losses resulting from related investigations, regulatory actions and litigation.;
•serving these high-risk industry verticals routinely creates greater operational complexity, including for Paysafe’s compliance, legal and risk functions;
•with respect to certain industry verticals (such as CBD or iGaming), the laws related to, or the legal status of, such verticals vary significantly among the countries in which Paysafe operates and, in the U.S., from state to state, further adding operational complexity particularly in compliance and risk mitigation;
•Paysafe may have difficulty obtaining or maintaining relationships with merchants and third-party service providers for its business, such as banks and payment card networks, including as a result of their assessment and appetite for the compliance, cost, government regulation, risk of consumer fraud or public pressure that can be associated with some of the specialized industry verticals that Paysafe operates in. For example, merchants may compel Paysafe to change their operations or add bespoke or enhanced internal controls in order to do business with them; and
•from time to time, the industry verticals Paysafe serves (and Paysafe by association) are the subject of negative publicity, which can harm Paysafe’s brand and deter consumers and merchants from adopting its products and services and influence its’ third-party service providers’ assessment of its’ business.
The enhanced risks resulting from Paysafe’s specialized focus can materialize suddenly and without warning, which may result in increased volatility in its’ results of operations compared with other companies in its’ industry that do not provide services to companies in high-risk industry verticals, and could result in a material adverse effect on Paysafe’s business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects.
Paysafe is vulnerable to the effects of chargebacks, merchant insolvency and consumer deposit settlement risk.
Paysafe is exposed to the effect of chargebacks and merchant insolvency in its integrated processing business. In that business, Paysafe is liable to various acquiring banks for chargebacks incurred by its merchants where the merchants are unable to meet liabilities arising as a result of those chargebacks. If the average chargeback rate on any of Paysafe’s merchant portfolios at any acquiring bank exceeds the maximum average chargeback rate permitted by the card agreements, Paysafe will be required to take steps to reduce the average chargeback rate so that it falls below the maximum permitted rate or risk losing its relationship with that acquiring bank. Those steps might include processing more transactions for merchants who have lower chargeback rates to produce a lower average chargeback rate for the portfolio as a whole or terminating relationships with merchants who have higher chargeback rates, which could in turn lead to a material loss of revenue for Paysafe. Chargebacks may arise as individual claims or as multiple claims relating to the same facts or circumstances. For example, the insolvency or cessation of a merchant doing business could cause numerous individual customers to bring claims at once which, either singly or in aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on Paysafe’s results of operations, financial condition and future prospects. Similarly, chargebacks or fraud related to Paysafe’s customers or merchants in its digital wallet business could cause the payment card schemes of which Paysafe is a member in Europe to require Paysafe to implement additional and potentially costly controls, and ultimately disqualify it from processing transactions if satisfactory controls are not maintained. Further, if any of the services Paysafe offers are deemed to have caused or contributed to illegal activity, customers, consumer protection agencies and regulatory firms could band together to initiate chargeback card payments or ACH reversals for transactions associated with the activity in question.
In Paysafe’s digital wallet business, Paysafe offers its merchants a "no chargeback policy." A chargeback is the return of funds to a customer and in this context relates to a reversal of unauthorized charges to a customer’s credit card, for example, as a result of fraud or identity theft. Under Paysafe’s "no chargeback policy," Paysafe agrees to allow merchants who qualify under its vetting policy to retain all monies received from its’ NETELLER and Skrill Digital wallet holders and undertake not to request reimbursement from such merchants in respect of chargebacks incurred. In such cases, the full amount of the disputed transaction is charged back to Paysafe and its credit card processor may levy additional fees against Paysafe unless they can successfully challenge the chargeback. Paysafe believes that its "no chargeback policy" is a key factor in a merchant’s decision to use its digital wallet services.
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Paysafe’s businesses are also subject to merchant credit risk in respect of non-payment for products provided and services rendered or non-reimbursement of costs incurred. The contracts Paysafe enters into may require significant expenditure prior to merchant payments and may expose Paysafe to potential credit risk or may require Paysafe to use its available bank facilities in order to meet payment obligations.
Additionally, Paysafe is exposed to risk associated with the settlement of consumer deposits. Digital wallet deposits from financial institutions, such as bank accounts, are credited to customer accounts before settlement of funds is received. Thus, there is a risk that the funds may not be settled or may be recalled due to insufficient funds or fraud reasons, exposing Paysafe to the risk of negative customer wallet balances and bad debt. Further, digital wallet prepaid card deposits or transactions made by consumers may be charged back by consumers resulting in a negative balance and loss on Paysafe’s accounts. If Paysafe is unable to effectively manage and monitor these risks, they could have a material adverse effect on its results of operations, financial condition and future prospects.
Paysafe may become an unwitting party to fraud or be deemed to be handling proceeds resulting from the criminal activity of its customers.
Paysafe is focused on providing trusted services to its customers and merchants and ensuring that data and confidential information is transmitted and stored securely. Combating money laundering and fraud is a significant challenge in the online payment services industry because transactions are conducted between parties who are not physically present, which in turn creates opportunities for misrepresentation and abuse. Criminals are using increasingly sophisticated methods to engage in illegal activities such as identity theft, fraud and paper instrument counterfeiting. Online payment companies are especially vulnerable because of the convenience, immediacy and in some cases anonymity of transferring funds from one account to another and subsequently withdrawing them. The highly automated nature of, and liquidity offered by, Paysafe’s payments services make it a target for illegal or improper uses, including fraudulent or illegal sales of goods or services, money laundering and terrorist financing. Allegations of fraud may result in fines, settlements, litigation expenses and reputational damage.
While Paysafe employs a variety of tools to protect against fraud, these tools may not be successful. Paysafe reserves the right to refuse to accept accounts or transactions from many high-risk countries, internet protocol addresses and e-mail domains and continually update these screening filters. Paysafe’s transaction monitoring systems are designed to identify various criteria, including the country of origination, in order to detect and monitor fraud and to reject any purported transactions if they appear to be fraudulent. Nevertheless, Paysafe’s transaction monitoring systems may not operate as intended or may otherwise fail to effectively detect fraudulent transactions or locate where a transaction is being made. Paysafe faces significant risks of loss due to money laundering, fraud and disputes between senders and recipients, and if Paysafe is unable to deal effectively with losses from fraudulent transactions its business could be materially harmed.
The ability for customers to withdraw and deposit funds within various accounts and the potential for customer fraud in connection with certain gambling activities heightens the risks of money laundering and the unwitting receipt by Paysafe of criminal proceeds. Paysafe’s industry is under increasing scrutiny from governmental authorities—in Europe, the United States and many other jurisdictions in which it operates—in connection with the potential for consumer fraud. The laws of some jurisdictions define or interpret what constitutes the underlying criminal activity that gives rise to criminal proceeds relatively narrowly (for example, terrorist financing). Conversely, other jurisdictions have adopted laws providing for relatively broad definitions or interpretations of underlying criminal activity (for example, in the UK criminal proceeds may arise from the conviction of any criminal offense where it is found that the defendant has benefited from the criminal conduct). Further, to the extent to which payment processors may be held civilly or criminally liable for the criminal activities of its merchant customers also varies widely across the jurisdictions in which Paysafe operates.
If consumer fraud levels involving Paysafe’s services were to rise, it could lead to regulatory intervention and reputational and financial damage. This, in turn, could lead to additional government enforcement actions and investigations and concerns raised by merchants and Paysafe’s banking partners, which in turn could reduce the use and acceptance of Paysafe’s services or increase its compliance costs and thereby have a material adverse impact on its’ business, financial condition and results of operations. By processing payments for merchants and customers in certain industry vehicles, such as those engaged in the online gambling sector, Paysafe may be deemed to be handling proceeds of crime in the jurisdiction where its merchants and customers are located. Paysafe is subject to anti-money laundering laws and regulations, including, in the United States, the BSA which requires money services businesses such as Paysafe to develop and implement risk-based anti-money laundering programs, report large cash transactions and suspicious activity and maintain transaction records. Paysafe has adopted a program to comply with these and other anti-money laundering regulations, but any errors or failure to implement the program properly could lead to lawsuits, administrative action and government fines and/or prosecution. In addition, even if Paysafe complies with such reporting and record-keeping requirements, law enforcement agencies in the relevant country could seize merchants’ or customers’ funds that are the proceeds of unlawful activity. Any such action could result in adverse publicity for Paysafe’s business and could have a material adverse effect on its results of operations, financial condition and future prospects.
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Risks Relating to the Split-Off
We may incur material costs as a result of our separation from FNF, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
As a result of our separation from FNF, we have incurred and will continue to incur costs and expenses not previously incurred. These increased costs and expenses may arise from various factors, including financial reporting or costs associated with complying with the federal securities laws (including compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, tax administration and human resources related functions.) FNF provided many of these services for us at no-cost (other than reimbursement of FNF's out-of-pocket costs and expenses) under the Corporate Services Agreement (the "CSA"), dated as of November 17, 2017, by and between us and FNF until November 2020. In October 2020, we entered into an Extension of Corporate Services Agreement (the "Extension") with FNF. Pursuant to the Extension, the term of the CSA is extended for two years until November 17, 2022 (the "Extended Term"). During the Extended Term, FNF will provide certain corporate services to Cannae at FNF’s Standard Allocation (as defined in the CSA), plus 10%, and Cannae agrees to pay or reimburse FNF for any fees, costs or other expenses paid by FNF to third parties in connection with the corporate services. The CSA will automatically renew for successive one-year terms, unless the parties mutually agree to terminate the CSA at least 30 days prior to the applicable termination date. No later than 30 days prior to such termination date, the parties shall negotiate mutually agreeable arm’s length terms for each additional one-year term.
We cannot assure you that we will not incur third-party vendor costs or out-of-pocket expenses under the CSA that are material to our business. Moreover, we will have to develop internal departments/functions to perform the services at the end of the term of the CSA. Through the date of this Annual Report, we have developed internal departments/functions for most of the services previously provided by FNF pursuant to the CSA, but we still rely on FNF for certain functions including information technology security.
Our agreements with FNF were negotiated while we were a subsidiary of FNF.
We have a number of agreements with FNF covering matters such as tax sharing and our responsibility for certain liabilities previously undertaken by FNF for certain of our businesses. In addition, we have entered into (i) the CSA, (ii) a voting agreement with FNF, pursuant to which FNF agrees to appear or cause all shares of Cannae Holdings common stock that FNF or its subsidiaries, as applicable, own after the Split-Off to be counted as present at any meeting of the stockholders of Cannae Holdings, for the purpose of establishing a quorum, and agrees to vote all of such Cannae Holdings shares (or cause them to be voted) in the same manner as, and in the same proportion to, all shares voted by holders of Cannae Holdings common stock (other than FNF and its subsidiaries), (iii) a registration rights agreement, pursuant to which FNF or its subsidiaries, as applicable, received registration rights with respect to the shares in Cannae held by FNF and (iv) a revolver note with FNF, pursuant to which Cannae Holdings may borrow revolving loans, the proceeds of which may be used for investment purposes and working capital needs, from FNF from time to time in an aggregate amount not to exceed $100.0 million. The terms of all of these agreements were initially established while we were a wholly-owned subsidiary of FNF, and hence may not be the result of arm's length negotiations.
We believe that the terms of these agreements are commercially reasonable and fair to all parties under the circumstances; however, conflicts could arise in the interpretation or any extension or renegotiation of the foregoing agreements after the Split-Off.
Sales of our common stock by FNF may occur, which could cause our stock price to decline or result in volatility in our stock price.
In conjunction with the Split-Off, FNF received a private letter ruling from the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) relating to the tax-free treatment of the Split-Off to FNF and holders of FNFV common stock. One of the representations FNF made to the IRS in soliciting such private letter ruling included an assertion that FNF would dispose of the shares of common stock of the Company it retained no later than 5 years after the closing of the Split-Off which occurred in November 2017. Accordingly, in order to ensure the tax-free treatment of the Split-Off, FNF is expected to dispose of the 5.8 million shares of our common stock it holds over the next several months. If FNF sells its shares of our common stock, or if there is an adverse market perception of the impact of FNF selling its shares, it may decrease the market price of our common stock or result in volatility in our stock price.
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General Risk Factors
Data security and integrity are critically important to the businesses we own and manage, and cybersecurity incidents, including cyberattacks, breaches of security, unauthorized access to or disclosure of confidential information, business disruption, or the perception that confidential information is not secure, could result in a material loss of business, regulatory enforcement, substantial legal liability and/or significant harm to their reputation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Improper access to, misappropriation, destruction or disclosure of confidential, personal or proprietary data could result in significant harm to our reputation or the reputation of any of the businesses we own. For example, D&B collects, stores and transmits a large amount of confidential company information on over millions of total businesses, including financial information and personal information. D&B operates in an environment of significant risk of cybersecurity incidents resulting from unintentional events or deliberate attacks by third parties or insiders, which may involve exploiting highly obscure security vulnerabilities or sophisticated attack methods.
With respect to Alight, one of its significant responsibilities is to maintain the security and privacy of its employees’ and clients’ confidential and proprietary information and the confidential information about clients’ employees’ compensation, health and benefits information and other personally identifiable information. With respect to our Restaurant Group companies, they rely heavily on information technology systems across their operations and corporate functions, including for order and delivery from suppliers and distributors, point-of-sale processing in their restaurants, management of their supply chains, payment of obligations, collection of cash, bakery production, data warehousing to support analytics, finance or accounting systems, labor optimization tools, gift cards, online business and various other processes and transactions, including the storage of employee and customer information. With respect to Paysafe, its operations rely on the secure processing, transmission and storage of confidential, proprietary, personal, financial and other information in its’ computer systems and networks. Paysafe’s information technology security systems, software and networks and those of the customers and third parties with whom Paysafe interacts may be vulnerable to unauthorized access (from within or by third parties), computer viruses or other malicious code, or other cybersecurity threats, which could result in the unauthorized access, loss, theft or disclosure of confidential, proprietary, or personal information relating to merchants, customers and employees.
The businesses we own and manage have experienced and expect to continue to experience numerous attempts to access their computer systems, software, networks, data and other technology assets on a daily basis. The security and protection of their data is a top priority for them. Such businesses devote significant resources to maintain and regularly upgrade the wide array of physical, technical and contractual safeguards that they employ to provide security around the collection, storage, use, access and delivery of information they possess. These businesses have implemented various measures to manage their risks related to system and network security and disruptions, but an actual or perceived security breach, a failure to make adequate disclosures to the public or law enforcement agencies following any such event or a significant and extended disruption in the functioning of its information technology systems could damage a portfolio company’s reputation and cause it to lose clients, adversely impact its operations, sales and operating results and require it to incur significant expense to address and remediate or otherwise resolve such issues.
Although our businesses have not incurred material losses or liabilities to date as a result of any breaches, unauthorized disclosure, loss or corruption of their data or inability of their clients to access their systems, such events could result in intellectual property or other confidential information being lost or stolen, including client, employee or business data, disrupt their operations, subject them to substantial regulatory and legal proceedings and potential liability and fines, result in a material loss of business and/or significantly harm their reputation. If they are unable to efficiently manage the vulnerability of their systems and effectively maintain and upgrade their system safeguards, they may incur unexpected costs and certain of their systems may become more vulnerable to unauthorized access. Furthermore, if we are unable to similarly effectively maintain and upgrade our corporate system safeguards, data and confidential information we may have access to from time to time about the businesses we own and manage may also become more vulnerable to unauthorized access.
Due to concerns about data security and integrity, a growing number of legislative and regulatory bodies have adopted breach notification and other requirements in the event that information subject to such laws is accessed by unauthorized persons and additional regulations regarding the use, access, accuracy and security of such data are possible. For example, in the United States, D&B is subject to laws that provide for at least 50 disparate notification regimes. Complying with such numerous and complex regulations in the event of unauthorized access would be expensive and difficult, and failure to comply with these regulations could subject D&B to regulatory scrutiny and additional liability. In many jurisdictions, including North America and the European Union, Alight is subject to laws and regulations relating to the collection, use, retention, security and transfer of this information including the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended ("HIPAA") and the HIPAA regulations governing, among other things, the privacy, security and electronic transmission of individually identifiable protected health information, the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act ("PIPEDA") and the European Union General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR"). California also enacted legislation, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 ("CCPA") and the related California Privacy Rights Act ("CPRA"), that afford California
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residents expanded privacy protections and a private right of action for security breaches affecting their personal information. These and other similar laws and regulations are frequently changing and are becoming increasingly complex and sometimes conflict among the various jurisdictions and countries in which Alight provides services both in terms of substance and in terms of enforceability. This makes compliance challenging and expensive. Alight’s failure to adhere to or successfully implement processes in response to changing regulatory requirements in this area could result in legal liability or impairment to our reputation in the marketplace.
If Cannae or its businesses are unable to protect their computer systems, software, networks, data and other technology assets it could have a material adverse effect on their business, financial condition and results of operations, and ultimately the value of our businesses. We record many of our ownership interests using the equity method of accounting, through which we record our proportionate share of their net earnings or loss in our consolidated financial statements. Equity-method investments are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the investment may not be recoverable. If our equity-method investment is not recoverable, we may be required to record an impairment charge, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
The loss of key personnel could impair our operating abilities and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our success will substantially depend on our ability to attract and retain key members of our senior management team and officers. If we lose one or more of these key employees, our operating results and in turn the value of our common stock could be materially adversely affected. Although we may enter into employment agreements with our officers, there can be no assurance that the entire term of any employment agreement will be served or that any employment agreement will be renewed upon expiration.
The due diligence process that we undertake in connection with new acquisitions may not reveal all facts that may be relevant in connection with acquisitions of ownership interests.
Before making acquisitions, we conduct due diligence that we deem reasonable and appropriate based on the facts and circumstances applicable to each investment. When conducting due diligence, we may be required to evaluate important and complex business, financial, tax, accounting, environmental and legal issues. Outside consultants, legal advisers, accountants and investment banks may be involved in the due diligence process in varying degrees depending on the type of business and transaction. Nevertheless, when conducting due diligence and making an assessment regarding an acquisition, we rely on the resources available to us, including information provided by the target of the transaction and, in some circumstances, third party investigations. The due diligence investigation that we carry out with respect to any opportunity may not reveal or highlight all relevant facts (including fraud) that may be necessary or helpful in evaluating such opportunity. Moreover, such an investigation will not necessarily result in the acquisition being successful.
Our management may seek growth through acquisitions in lines of business that will not necessarily be limited to our current areas of focus or geographic areas. This expansion of our business subjects us to associated risks, such as the diversion of management's attention and lack of experience in operating such businesses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may make acquisitions in lines of business that are not directly tied to or synergistic with our current portfolio companies. Accordingly, we may in the future acquire businesses in industries or geographic areas with which management is less familiar than we are with our current businesses.
The acquisition and integration of any business we may acquire involves a number of risks and may result in unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures in assimilating or integrating the businesses, technologies, products, personnel or operations of the acquired business. Furthermore, acquisitions may: (1) involve our entry into geographic or business markets in which we have little or no prior experience; (2) involve difficulties in retaining the customers of the acquired business; (3) involve difficulties and expense associated with regulatory requirements, competition controls or investigations; (4) result in a delay or reduction of sales for both us and the business we acquire; and (5) disrupt our ongoing business, divert our resources and require significant management attention that would otherwise be available for ongoing development of our current business.
To complete future acquisitions, we may determine that it is necessary to use a substantial amount of our cash or engage in equity or debt financing. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. Any debt financing obtained by us in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital-raising activities and other financial and operational matters that make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital in the future and to pursue other business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. In addition, we may not be able to obtain additional financing on terms favorable to us, if at all, which could limit our ability to engage in acquisitions. Moreover, we can make no assurances that the anticipated benefits of any acquisition, such
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as operating improvements or anticipated cost savings, would be realized or that we would not be exposed to unexpected liabilities in connection with any acquisition.
Further, an acquisition may negatively affect our operating results because it may require us to incur charges and substantial debt or other liabilities, may cause adverse tax consequences, substantial depreciation and amortization of deferred compensation charges, may require the amortization, write-down or impairment of amounts related to deferred compensation, goodwill and other intangible assets, may include substantial contingent consideration payments or other compensation that reduce our earnings during the quarter in which incurred, or may not generate sufficient financial return to offset acquisition costs.
We may often pursue opportunities that involve businesses, regulatory, legal or other complexities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
As an element of our strategy, we may pursue unusually complex opportunities. This could often take the form of substantial business, regulatory or legal complexity. Our tolerance for complexity may present risks, as such transactions can be more difficult, expensive and time-consuming to finance and execute; it may be more difficult to manage or realize value from the assets acquired in such transactions; and such transactions may sometimes entail a higher level of regulatory scrutiny or a greater risk of contingent liabilities. Any of these risks could harm our performance.
We and the businesses we own and manage, from time to time in the ordinary course of business, are involved in legal proceedings and may experience unfavorable outcomes, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We and the businesses we own and manage, from time to time in the ordinary course of business, are involved in pending and threatened litigation matters, some of which include claims for punitive or exemplary damages. We and such companies are also subject to compliance with extensive government laws and regulations related to employment practices and policies. We may not be able to successfully resolve these types of conflicts to their satisfaction, and these matters may involve claims for substantial amounts of money or for other relief that might necessitate changes to their business or operations. The defense of these actions may be both time consuming and expensive and their outcomes cannot be predicted with certainty. Determining reserves for pending litigation is a complex, fact-intensive process that requires significant legal judgment. It is possible that unfavorable outcomes in one or more such proceedings could result in substantial payments that could have a material adverse effect on our cash flows in a particular period or on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The lack of liquidity in certain of our ownership interests may adversely affect our business.
We invest, and will continue to invest, in companies whose securities are not publicly traded and whose securities will be subject to legal and other restrictions on resale or will otherwise be less liquid than publicly traded securities. The illiquidity of ownership interests with these characteristics may make it difficult for us to sell these positions when desired. In addition, if we are required or otherwise choose to liquidate all or a portion of our assets quickly, we may realize significantly less than the value at which we had previously recorded these ownership interests. Our businesses are often subject to contractual or legal restrictions on resale or are otherwise illiquid because there is usually no established trading market for such ownership interests. Because certain of our businesses are illiquid, we may be unable to dispose of them timely or we may be unable to do so at a favorable price, and, as a result, we may suffer losses.
Our charter, bylaws and provisions of Delaware law may discourage or prevent strategic transactions, including a takeover of our company, even if such a transaction would be beneficial to our stockholders.
Provisions contained in our charter and bylaws and provisions of the Delaware General Corporate Law ("DGCL"), could delay or prevent a third party from entering into a strategic transaction with us, as applicable, even if such a transaction would benefit our stockholders. For example, our charter and bylaws: (1) authorize the issuance of "blank check" preferred stock that could be issued by us upon approval of our board of directors to increase the number of outstanding shares of capital stock, making a takeover more difficult and expensive; (2) provide that directors may be removed from office only for cause and that any vacancy on our board of directors may only be filled by a majority of our directors then in office, which may make it difficult for other stockholders to reconstitute our board of directors; (3) provide that special meetings of the stockholders may be called only upon the request of a majority of our board of directors or by our executive chairman, chief executive officer or president, as applicable; (4) require advance notice to be given by stockholders for any stockholder proposals or director nominees; (5) provide that directors are elected by a plurality of the votes cast by stockholders, which results in each director nominee elected by a plurality winning his or her seat upon receiving one "for" vote; and (6) provide that the board of directors is divided into three classes, as nearly equal in number as possible, with one class being elected at each annual meeting of stockholders, which could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or discourage a third party from seeking to acquire, control of Cannae.
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These restrictions and provisions could keep us from pursuing relationships with strategic partners and from raising additional capital, which could impede our ability to expand our business and strengthen our competitive position. These restrictions could also limit stockholder value by impeding a sale of our company.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 2. Properties
Our corporate headquarters are located in Las Vegas, Nevada in owned facilities.
Restaurant Group. The Restaurant Group's headquarters are located in Nashville, Tennessee with another office location in Woburn, Massachusetts. The majority of the restaurants are leased from third parties, and are located in 23 states throughout the United States. Substantially all of our Restaurant Group's revenues are generated in those states.
Corporate and Other. The Golf & Real Estate segment of Cannae RE owns a 1,800 acre ranch-style luxury resort and residential community in Bend/Powell Butte, Oregon.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
For a description of our legal proceedings see discussion under Legal and Regulatory Contingencies in Note M. Commitments and Contingencies to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report, which is incorporated by reference into this Part I, Item 3.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
None.
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PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The Company's common stock trades on The New York Stock Exchange under the "CNNE" trading symbol.
Performance Graph
Set forth below is a graph comparing cumulative total shareholder return on our common stock against the cumulative total return on the S&P 500 Index and against the cumulative total return of a peer group index consisting of certain companies against which we compete for the period ending December 31, 2021. The peer group comparison has been weighted based on their stock market capitalization. The graph assumes an initial investment of $100.00 on November 20, 2017, the date on which shares of our common stock began trading.
| 11/20/2017 | 12/31/2017 | 12/31/2018 | 12/31/2019 | 12/31/2020 | 12/31/2021 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Cannae Holdings, Inc. | 100.00 | 92.60 | 93.09 | 202.23 | 240.73 | 191.14 | |||||||||||||||||
| S&P 500 | 100.00 | 104.21 | 99.64 | 131.02 | 155.12 | 199.65 | |||||||||||||||||
| Peer Group (1) | 100.00 | 103.18 | 89.33 | 143.41 | 144.20 | 216.17 | |||||||||||||||||
(1) Peer group consists of the following companies: Apollo Investment Corporation, Compass Diversified Holdings, FS KKR Capital Corp. II, Golub Capital BDC, Inc., New Mountain Finance Corporation and Prospect Capital Corporation.
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On January 31, 2022, the last reported sale price of our common stock on The New York Stock Exchange was $29.87 per share. We had approximately 4,634 shareholders of record.
Information concerning securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans will be included in Item 12 of Part III of this Annual Report.
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer
On September 19, 2019, our Board of Directors approved a three-year stock repurchase program effective September 19, 2019 (the "2019 Repurchase Program") under which we were permitted to purchase up to 5 million shares of our CNNE common stock through September 30, 2022. Since the original commencement of the 2019 Repurchase Program through market close on December 31, 2021, we repurchased all 5 million common shares originally authorized thereunder for approximately $168.7 million in the aggregate, or an average of $33.74 per share.
On February 26, 2021, our Board authorized an additional three-year stock repurchase program (the "2021 Repurchase Program"), under which we may repurchase an additional 10 million shares of our common stock. Purchases may be made from time to time in the open market at prevailing prices or in privately negotiated transactions through February 26, 2024. The repurchase program does not obligate us to acquire any specific number of shares and may be suspended or terminated at any time. Subsequent to December 31, 2021 through the date of this Annual Report, we repurchased 400,000 common shares for $14.0 million, or an average of $34.97 per share. Since the original commencement of the 2021 Repurchase Program through the date of this Annual Report, we have repurchased 916,584 common shares thereunder for approximately $31.9 million, or an average of $34.79 per share.
The following table summarizes repurchases of equity securities by Cannae during the quarter ending December 31, 2021:
| Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased | Average Price Paid per Share | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1)(2) | Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (3) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 12/1/2021 - 12/31/2021 | 2,100,000 | 33.73 | 2,100,000 | 9,483,416 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 4,828,168 | 4,828,168 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) On September 19, 2019, our Board of Directors approved the 2019 Repurchase Program, under which we were permitted to purchase up to 5 million shares of our CNNE common stock through September 30, 2022.
(2) On March 1, 2021, our Board of Directors approved the 2021 Repurchase Program, under which we may purchase up to 10 million shares of our CNNE common stock through February 26, 2024.
(3) As of the last day of the applicable month.
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Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
For a description of our business, including descriptions of segments and recent business trends, see the discussion under Business in Item 1 of Part I of this Annual Report, which is incorporated by reference into this Part II, Item 7 of this Annual Report. The following discussion should also be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Notes thereto included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report.
Recent Developments
Ceridian
On May 20, 2021, we completed the sale of 2.0 million shares of common stock of Ceridian pursuant to Rule 144 promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended ("Rule 144"). In connection with the sale, we received proceeds of $175.0 million.
In September 2021, we completed the sale of 1.0 million shares of common stock of Ceridian for proceeds of $100.0 million pursuant to the terms of a covered call agreement.
On October 21, 2021, we completed the sale of an additional 1.0 million shares of common stock of Ceridian pursuant to Rule 144. In connection with the sale, we received proceeds of $125.8 million in October 2021.
As of December 31, 2021, we owned 10.0 million shares of Ceridian common stock which represented approximately 6.6% of the outstanding common stock of Ceridian.
In January 2022, we completed the sales of an additional 2.0 million shares of common stock of Ceridian pursuant to Rule 144. In connection with the sales, we received proceeds of $173.3 million in January 2022. As of the date of this Annual Report, we own 8.0 million shares of Ceridian common stock which represents approximately 5.3% of the outstanding common stock of Ceridian as of the date of this Annual Report.
Dun & Bradstreet
On January 8, 2021, D&B completed its acquisition of Bisnode Business Information Group AB (the "Bisnode Acquisition"). In connection with the Bisnode Acquisition, D&B issued an additional 6.2 million shares of its common stock, which resulted in a decrease in our ownership interest in D&B from approximately 18.1% to approximately 17.7% and a non-cash gain of $18.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2021.
On June 28, 2021, we completed the sale of an aggregate of 8.5 million shares of common stock of D&B (the "D&B Share Sale") pursuant to Rule 144. In connection with the D&B Share Sale, we received aggregate proceeds of $186.0 million and recorded a gain of $111.1 million. As a result of the D&B Share Sale, we now own 68.1 million shares of D&B, which represents approximately 15.8% of its outstanding common stock as of December 31, 2021.
On February 15, 2022, we received 21.8 million shares of D&B as partial consideration for our sale of Optimal Blue. Subsequently, we transferred 1.6 million of the shares received to our Manager as part of our carried interest paid related to the sale. See discussion under the header Optimal Blue below for further information. Following the receipt of these additional shares of D&B and payment of carried interest, we own 88.3 million shares of D&B which represents approximately 20.5% of its outstanding common stock.
Alight
On January 25, 2021, Foley Trasimene Acquisition Corp. ("FTAC") entered into a business combination agreement with predecessor of Alight, a leading cloud-based provider of integrated digital human capital and business solutions, as amended and restated April 29, 2021, by and among FTAC, Alight and other parties thereto (the "FTAC Alight Business Combination"). Also on January 25, 2021, Cannae entered into an agreement to purchase 25 million shares of Alight for $250.0 million as part of a private investment in public equity ("PIPE") raised in conjunction with the FTAC Alight Business Combination (the "Alight Subscription Agreement").
During the quarter ended June 30, 2021, Cannae funded the following: (a) $250.0 million pursuant to the Alight Subscription Agreement, (b) $150.0 million pursuant to a previously announced forward purchase agreement with FTAC (the "FTAC FPA") entered into on May 8, 2020 and (c) $52.4 million for the purchase of 5.2 million shares of FTAC on the open market (the "Purchased Shares"). In July 2021, we sold 1.0 million of the Purchased Shares for aggregate proceeds of $10.3 million.
On July 2, 2021, FTAC completed the FTAC Alight Business Combination in accordance with the relevant business combination agreement. The combined company operates as Alight and is traded on the NYSE under the symbol ALIT. The FTAC Alight Business Combination was funded with the cash held in trust at FTAC, forward purchase commitments, PIPE commitments and equity of Alight.
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For Cannae’s total net investment in Alight of $446.6 million, inclusive of our previous $4.5 million investment in the sponsor of FTAC (the "FTAC Sponsor") and net of the Purchased Shares sold, Cannae received 50,390,129 common shares and 5,000,000 warrants of Alight (the "Alight Warrants") and 3,026,666 LLC units of Alight's operating subsidiary with substantially the same terms as Alight's public warrants and indirectly held by the Company through its interest in the FTAC Sponsor. In connection with the investment in the PIPE and deal syndication, Cannae earned $6.1 million of fees which were deducted from the basis of our investment in Alight.
On November 29, 2021, Alight announced the redemption of all of its outstanding warrants to purchase shares of the Alight’s Class A common stock. In accordance with the warrant agreement, upon delivery of the notice of redemption, the warrants could be exercised either for cash or on a cashless basis in exchange for common shares of Alight. We elected the cashless exercise and in December 2021 we received 1,300,000 shares of Alight's Class A Common Stock directly and 786,933 shares indirectly through our ownership interest in the FTAC Sponsor.
As of December 31, 2021, Cannae directly and indirectly through the FTAC Sponsor owns 52.5 million shares of Alight which represented approximately 10.0% of its outstanding common equity. We account for our direct ownership interest in common equity of Alight and ownership in the FTAC Sponsor as equity method investments.
Paysafe
On March 30, 2021, Foley Trasimene Acquisition Corp. II ("FTAC II") completed its previously announced merger with Paysafe Limited ("Paysafe"), a leading integrated payments platform (the "FTAC II Paysafe Merger"), in accordance with the agreement and plan of merger dated December 7, 2020. The combined company operates as Paysafe and is traded on the NYSE under the symbol PSFE. The FTAC II Paysafe Merger was funded with the cash held in trust at FTAC II, forward purchase commitments, PIPE commitments and equity of Paysafe.
In conjunction with the FTAC II Paysafe Merger, Cannae funded: (a) $350.0 million as part of our subscription to the PIPE (the "Paysafe Subscription Agreement" and collectively with the Alight Subscription Agreement the "Subscription Agreements") and (b) $150.0 million as part of our forward purchase agreement with FTAC II entered into on July 31, 2020 (the "FTAC II FPA"). For Cannae’s total investment in Paysafe of $504.7 million, inclusive of our previous investment in the sponsor of FTAC II ("FTAC II Sponsor"), Cannae received 54,294,395 common shares and 5,000,000 Paysafe warrants and 3,134,067 LLC units of Paysafe's operating subsidiary with substantially the same terms as Paysafe's public warrants (collectively, the "Paysafe Warrants"). In connection with the investment in the PIPE, Paysafe paid Cannae a fee of $5.6 million as described in the agreement and plan of merger dated December 7, 2020, which was deducted from the basis of our investment.
In September 2021, the sponsor of FTAC II distributed all of its interest in Paysafe to its limited partners. As a result, Cannae now directly holds all of its interest in the common equity of Paysafe and Paysafe Warrants.
In December 2021, Cannae purchased 5.7 million shares of Paysafe on the open market for $22.4 million.
As of December 31, 2021, Cannae directly owns 59.8 million shares which represented approximately 8.3% of the outstanding common equity of Paysafe. We account for our ownership in the common equity of Paysafe under the equity method of accounting and the Paysafe Warrants as a derivative.
Optimal Blue
On February 15, 2022, we completed the disposition of our ownership interests in Optimal Blue to Black Knight, Inc. (“Black Knight”) and its subsidiaries (the “Optimal Blue Disposition”), pursuant to a purchase agreement dated as of February 15, 2022, by and among Black Knight, Cannae, and Optimal Blue, among others. In conjunction with the Optimal Blue Disposition, Cannae received aggregate consideration of (y) $144.5 million in cash and (z) 21.8 million shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of Dun & Bradstreet. Following the consummation of the Optimal Blue Disposition, Cannae no longer has any ownership interest in Optimal Blue.
Forward Purchases of Equity of Special Purpose Acquisition Companies
On February 25, 2021, we entered into a forward purchase agreement (the "AAI FPA") with AAI, a special purpose acquisition company ("SPAC") whose business purpose is to effect a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization or similar business combination with one or more businesses or entities (the "AAI Initial Business Combination"). AAI is co-sponsored by entities affiliated with the chairman of our Board of Directors ("Board"), William P. Foley II. Additionally, Cannae invested $1.6 million in the sponsor of AAI for a 10% indirect economic interest in the founder shares and warrants held by the sponsor. The AAI FPA was contingent upon the closing of the AAI Initial Business Combination.
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On May 10, 2021, AAI entered into a Business Combination Agreement (the "WIL Business Combination Agreement") by and among AAI, Wave Merger Sub Limited, an exempted company incorporated in Bermuda and a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of AAI ("Merger Sub"), and Wynn Interactive Ltd., an exempted company incorporated in Bermuda ("WIL").
In connection with the signing of the WIL Business Combination Agreement, we and AAI agreed to terminate the AAI FPA, and we entered into a backstop facility agreement (the "WIL Backstop Agreement") whereby we agreed, subject to the other terms and conditions included therein, to subscribe for AAI Class A Ordinary Shares in order to fund redemptions by shareholders of AAI in connection with the WIL Business Combination Agreement in an amount of up to $690.0 million (the "WIL Backstop Subscription"), in consideration for a placement fee of $3.5 million.
On November 11, 2021, we and AAI entered into a mutual termination agreement (the "Mutual Termination Agreement") to terminate the WIL Business Combination Agreement. In conjunction with the Mutual Termination Agreement, AAI received $5.0 million as reimbursement for out-of-pocket expenses. As a result of the termination of the WIL Business Combination Agreement, the Backstop Agreement and the Amended and Restated Sponsor Agreement were automatically terminated.
On February 25, 2021, we entered into a forward purchase agreement (the "AAII FPA" and collectively with the FTAC FPA and the FTAC II FPA, the "Forward Purchase Agreements") with AAII, a SPAC whose business purpose is to effect a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization or similar business combination with one or more businesses or entities (the "AAII Initial Business Combination"). AAII is co-sponsored by entities affiliated with William P. Foley II. Under the AAII FPA, we agreed to purchase an aggregate of 12,500,000 shares of AAII’s Class A common stock, plus an aggregate of 3,125,000 redeemable warrants to purchase one share of AAII's Class A common stock at $11.50 per share for an aggregate purchase price of $125.0 million in a private placement to occur concurrently with the closing of the AAII Initial Business Combination. Additionally, Cannae directly invested $29.6 million for a 20% indirect economic interest in the founder shares held by the sponsor and a direct interest in 19,733,333 private placement warrants of AAII (the "AAII Warrants") at the initial public offering. The AAII FPA is contingent upon the closing of the AAII Initial Business Combination.
On June 5, 2020, we entered into a forward purchase agreement (the "Trebia FPA") with Trebia Acquisition Corp. ("Trebia"), a SPAC incorporated as a Cayman Islands exempted company for the purpose of effecting a merger, share exchange, asset acquisition, share purchase, reorganization or similar business combination with one or more businesses or entities (the "Trebia Initial Business Combination"). Trebia is co-sponsored by entities affiliated with the chairman and a member of our Board, William P. Foley II and Frank R. Martire, respectively.
On June 28, 2021, Trebia entered into a Business Combination Agreement by and among Trebia, S1 Holdco LLC, a Delaware limited liability company ("S1 Holdco"), System1 SS Protect Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation ("Protected"), and the other parties named therein (the "Trebia S1 Business Combination Agreement"). The Trebia S1 Business Combination Agreement provides for, among other things, the consummation of certain transactions whereby each of (i) System1, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and the current operating subsidiary of S1 Holdco, and (ii) Protected.net Group Limited, a private limited company organized under the laws of the United Kingdom and the current operating subsidiary of Protected, will become subsidiaries of Trebia (the "Trebia S1 Business Combination").
In connection with the signing of the Trebia S1 Business Combination Agreement, we and Trebia terminated the Trebia FPA, and we entered into a backstop facility agreement (the "S1 Backstop Agreement" and together with the WIL Backstop Agreement, the "Backstop Agreements") whereby we agreed, subject to the other terms and conditions included therein, to subscribe for Trebia Class A Common Stock in order to fund redemptions by shareholders of Trebia in connection with the Business Combination, in an amount of up to $200.0 million (the "S1 Backstop Subscription"). In connection with Cannae’s entry into the S1 Backstop Agreement, the sponsors of Trebia have agreed to forfeit up to 1,275,510 Trebia Class B Ordinary Shares (and Trebia has agreed to issue to Cannae a number of shares of Trebia Class A Common Stock equal to such forfeiture) as consideration in the event that the S1 Backstop Subscription is drawn due to redemptions.
On January 10, 2022, we entered into an amendment to the S1 Backstop Agreement pursuant to which our commitment to fund redemptions increased from $200.0 million to $250.0 million. Also on January 10, 2022, we entered into an amended and restated sponsor agreement with the sponsors of Trebia pursuant to which Trebia will forfeit up to an additional 1,352,941 Class B Ordinary Shares to Trebia, and Trebia will issue to Cannae an equal number of shares of Trebia Class A Common Stock in connection with, and based upon the extent of, Cannae’s obligation with respect to the increase in our backstop commitment.
On January 27, 2022, the Trebia System1 Business Combination was completed and System1 merged with and into Trebia, with System1, Inc. ("System1") as the surviving corporation. Beginning on January 28, 2022, System1’s common stock began trading on the NYSE under the ticker symbol "SST." Upon the completion of the Trebia System1 Business Combination, Cannae has invested a total of $248.3 million in System1 and directly and indirectly owns 28.2 million of System1 common shares and 1.2 million warrants to purchase System1 common shares. As a result, Cannae has an approximate 26% ownership of System1.
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QOMPLX
On March 1, 2021, Tailwind Acquisition Corp. ("Tailwind") entered into a business combination agreement to merge with QOMPLX, Inc. ("QOMPLX") (the "Tailwind QOMPLX Merger"). In conjunction with the Tailwind QOMPLX Merger, Cannae entered into an agreement to purchase 4.6 million shares of common stock of the combined company for $37.5 million as part of a subscription to the PIPE. Additionally, in March 2021, Cannae funded a convertible note to QOMPLX for $12.5 million that matures on March 3, 2022 (the "QOMPLX Note"). During the quarter ended September 30, 2021, Cannae funded an additional $6.0 million, which was added to the existing QOMPLX Note.
On August 17, 2021, QOMPLX and Tailwind mutually agreed to terminate the Tailwind QOMPLX Merger citing market conditions, which prevented certain closing conditions from being satisfied. The termination of the Tailwind QOMPLX Merger also terminated the Tailwind Subscription Agreement. The termination had no effect on the QOMPLX Note.
In November 2021, QOMPLX converted all of its outstanding convertible notes into preferred stock and redeemed $7.5 million of such preferred stock held by Cannae. As a result, Cannae holds approximately 14.5 million shares of preferred stock of QOMPLX representing approximately 19.3% of QOMPLX’s outstanding equity.
Restaurant Group
During the year ended December 31, 2021, we commenced a plan to sell or dispose of the assets of Legendary Baking Holdings I, LLC ("Legendary Baking") and VIBSQ Holdco, LLC ("VIBSQ") and their subsidiaries.
On June 24, 2021, we entered into a membership purchase agreement for the sale of certain net assets of VIBSQ and its subsidiaries for $13.5 million. On July 30, 2021, we closed on the sale of such VIBSQ net assets and recorded a loss of $9.4 million, which is included in Recognized gains (losses), net on the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2021.
On August 10, 2021, we entered into an asset purchase agreement for the sale of certain net assets of Legendary Baking and its subsidiaries for $6.1 million and we recorded a loss of $7.0 million as a result of classifying Legendary Baking as held for sale. On September 7, 2021, we closed on the sale and recorded an additional loss of $3.9 million. Both losses are included in Recognized gains (losses), net on the Consolidated Statement of Operations in the year ended December 31, 2021.
Subsequent to the transactions, other than the winding down of certain immaterial retained assets and liabilities of Legendary Baking and VIBSQ, we have no further material involvement in Legendary Baking or VIBSQ.
Other Developments
Our Board authorized the 2021 Repurchase Program, effective February 26, 2021, under which we may repurchase up to 10 million shares of our common stock. Purchases may be made from time to time in the open market at prevailing prices or in privately negotiated transactions through February 26, 2024. The repurchase program does not obligate us to acquire any specific number of shares and may be suspended or terminated at any time. Pursuant to the 2019 Repurchase Program and the 2021 Repurchase Program, we repurchased 4,828,168 shares of CNNE common stock during the year ended December 31, 2021 for approximately $167.3 million in the aggregate, or an average of $34.65 per share.
On March 31, 2021, we closed on a $32.0 million acquisition of an ownership interest in Sightline Payments LLC ("Sightline"), a fintech company that enables cashless, mobile and omnichannel payment solutions for the gaming, lottery, sports betting, entertainment and hospitality businesses. On August 16, 2021, we acquired an additional $240.0 million of ownership interest in Sightline. Our total ownership interest represents 32.6% of the outstanding membership interests in Sightline and is accounted for under the equity method of accounting.
During the year ended December 31, 2021, we received distributions of $283.2 million from our joint venture (the "Senator JV") with affiliates of Senator Investment Group, LP. In 2020, we received an aggregate of $198.6 million of distributions from the Senator JV. Of the distributions received in 2020, $25.8 million represented the return of our deposit previously held by the Senator JV and the remainder resulted from the Senator JV's sales of CoreLogic, Inc. Using the cumulative earnings approach, $126.4 million of the distributions resulting from the Senator JV in the year ended December 31, 2020 are considered a return on our investment in the Senator JV and are classified as cash inflows from operating activities in our Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the year ended December 31, 2020. We have no further material ownership interest in the Senator JV.
On May 21, 2021, Ceska zbrojovka Group SE (“CZG”) acquired 100% of the outstanding equity of Colt Holdings, LLC ("Colt"). In conjunction with the transaction, we received $37.3 million for our holdings of Colt corporate debt securities, including accrued interest thereon, $1.4 million for our equity in Colt and received $0.4 million of cash and $3.6 million of CZG equity securities for our holdings of Colt equity interests in October 2021. We recorded a gain of $20.3 million on the transaction, inclusive of $10.9 million (net of $2.9 million of deferred taxes) of gains reclassified from other comprehensive earnings. We have the opportunity to receive additional equity securities of CZG contingent on future operating results of Colt. Subsequent to the transaction, we have no further ownership interest in Colt debt or equity securities.
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In the year ended December 31, 2021, we commenced a plan to sell Rock Creek Idaho Holdings, LLC ("RC"). On August 10, 2021, we entered into an asset purchase agreement for the sale of certain net assets of RC and its subsidiaries for $44.2 million, consisting of cash of $9.2 million, net of transaction costs, and a note receivable of $35.0 million. We recorded a gain of $18.9 million as a result of the sale, which is included in Recognized gains (losses), net on the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2021. The chairman of our Board, William P. Foley II is a partner in the joint venture that purchased RC. The Company collected the full amount of the note receivable, plus interest, prior to December 31, 2021. Subsequent to the transaction, we have no further involvement in RC.
On October 14, 2021, Capital One Financial Corporation announced that it entered into a definitive agreement to purchase Triple Tree, LLC ("Triple Tree"), the investment banking subsidiary of Triple Tree Holdings, LLC ("TTH"). Cannae owns a 24.6% fully diluted interest in TTH. As a result of the sale, the two businesses comprising TTH became two separate organizations. TripleTree joined the Capital Markets group of Capital One Commercial Bank as a wholly owned subsidiary, operating under the current TripleTree brand. TTCP Management Services, LLC, continues as an independent, Minneapolis-based principal investor focused on healthcare technology and services. The transaction closed in November 2021 and we received $35.2 million of distributions from TTH related to the sale. In January 2022, we received an additional distribution of $14.0 million.
Related Party Transactions
Our financial statements for all years presented reflect transactions with FNF and our Manager. See Note R to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report for further discussion.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. See Note A to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report for discussion of all our significant accounting policies.
The accounting policies and estimates described below are those we consider critical in preparing our Consolidated Financial Statements. Management is required to make estimates and assumptions that can affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures with respect to contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual amounts could differ from those estimates.
Investments in unconsolidated affiliates - applicability of Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 323. Investments in unconsolidated affiliates are recorded using the equity method of accounting. If an investor does not possess a controlling financial interest over an investee but has the ability to exercise significant influence over the investee’s operating and financial policies, the investor must account for such an investment under the equity method of accounting. For investments in common stock or in-substance common stock of an investee, which an investor does not control, the general but rebuttable presumption exists that an ownership of greater than 20% of the outstanding equity of an investee indicates the investor has significant influence. For investments in partnerships and similar entities for which an investor does not control, equity method of accounting for the investment is generally required unless the investor's interest is so minor that the investor has virtually no influence.
In the ordinary course of our business, we make investments in companies that provide us with varying degrees of control and influence over the underlying investees through our level of ownership of the outstanding equity of the investee, participation in management of the investee, participation on the board of directors of investees, and/or legal agreements with other investors with control implications. As a result, our analysis of the appropriate accounting for our various ownership interests often requires judgment regarding the level of control, significant influence or lack thereof the Company has over each investee. If we are required to account at fair value for certain of our ownership interests in which we have concluded the Company has significant influence resulting in the application of the equity method of accounting, the impact of such change could significantly impact the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.
For example, as of March 31, 2020, our voting agreement with Ceridian was terminated and, as a result, we are no longer able to exert influence over the composition and quantity of Ceridian's board of directors. In combination with the reduction in our ownership of Ceridian resulting from the sale of shares in February 2020, we no longer exercise significant influence over Ceridian. As of March 31, 2020, we began accounting for our investment in Ceridian at fair value pursuant to the investment in equity security guidance of ASC 321. The change resulted in the revaluation of our investment in Ceridian to its fair value of $993.4 million as of March 31, 2020 and recording a gain on such revaluation of $684.9 million (net of $47.1 million of before-tax losses reclassified from other comprehensive earnings), which is included in Recognized gains and losses, net on the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2020.
As of December 31, 2021, we hold less than 20% of the outstanding common equity of Dun & Bradstreet but continue to account for our ownership interest under the equity method because we continue to exert significant influence through our 15.8% ownership, because certain of our senior management and directors serve on Dun & Bradstreet's board of directors, and
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because we are party to an agreement with other of its equity sponsors pursuant to which we have agreed to collectively vote together on all matters related to the election of directors to the Dun & Bradstreet board of directors for a period of three years.
As of December 31, 2021, the book value of our investment in D&B accounted for under the equity method of accounting is $595.0 million. Based on quoted market prices, the aggregate fair market value of our ownership of Dun & Bradstreet common stock was approximately $1.4 billion as of December 31, 2021.
As of December 31, 2021, we hold less than 20% of the outstanding common equity of Paysafe but we account for our ownership interest under the equity method because we exert significant influence: (a) through our 8.3% direct ownership, (b) because certain of our senior management and directors serve on Paysafe's board of directors, including the chairman of our Board, William P. Foley II, who is also the chairman of Paysafe's board of directors, and (c) because we are party to an agreement with other of its equity investors pursuant to which we have the ability to appoint or be consulted on the election of the majority of the total directors of Paysafe.
As of December 31, 2021, the book value of our investment in Paysafe accounted for under the equity method of accounting is $431.1 million. Based on quoted market prices, the aggregate fair market value of our ownership of Paysafe common stock was approximately $233.7 million as of December 31, 2021.
As of December 31, 2021, we hold less than 20% of the outstanding common equity of Alight but we account for our ownership under the equity method because we exert significant influence: (a) through our 10.0% direct and indirect ownership, (b) because certain of our senior management and directors serve on Alight's board of directors, including the chairman of our Board, William P. Foley II, who is also the chairman of Alight's board of directors, and (c) because we are party to an agreement with other of its equity investors pursuant to which we have the ability to appoint or be consulted on the election of the majority of the total directors of Alight.
As of December 31, 2021, the book value of our investment in Alight accounted for under the equity method of accounting is $505.0 million. Based on quoted market prices, the aggregate fair market value of direct and indirect our ownership of Alight common stock was approximately $567.3 million as of December 31, 2021.
Investments in unconsolidated affiliates - impairment monitoring. On an ongoing basis, management monitors our investments in unconsolidated affiliates to determine whether there are indications that the fair value of an investment may be other-than-temporarily below our recorded book value of the investment. Factors considered when determining whether a decline in the fair value of an investment is other-than-temporary include but are not limited to: the length of time and the extent to which the market value has been less than book value, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the investee, and the intent and ability of the Company to retain its investment in the investee for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in market value.
As of September 30, 2021, the fair value of our investment in Paysafe based on quoted market prices was $418.8 million and the book value of our investment in Paysafe was $810.6 million prior to any impairment. Due to significant impairments recorded by Paysafe to its intangible assets in the three months ended September 30, 2021 and the quantum of the decrease in the fair market value of our investment, management determined the decrease in value of our investment in Paysafe was other-than-temporary. Accordingly, we recorded an impairment of $391.8 million in the three months ended September 30, 2021 which is included in Recognized (losses) gains, net, on our Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2021, the fair value of our investment in Paysafe based on quoted market prices has decreased to $233.7 million. As of the date of this Annual Report, management believes the decrease in the fair value of our investment in Paysafe is temporary and expects to recover the recorded book value of our investment. If Paysafe's results of operations, financial condition or market conditions in the payment processing industry deteriorate, we may be required to record an impairment to our recorded investment for Paysafe in future periods.
Valuation of investments. The fair values of financial instruments presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements are estimates of the fair values at a specific point in time using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. Estimates that utilize unobservable inputs are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and significant judgment in the interpretation of current market data.
The fair value hierarchy established by the accounting standards on fair value measurements includes three levels, which are based on the priority of the inputs to the valuation technique. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). If the inputs used to measure the financial instruments fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the categorization is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the instrument. Financial assets and liabilities that are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets are categorized based on the inputs to the valuation techniques as follows:
Level 1. Financial assets and liabilities whose values are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market that we have the ability to access.
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Level 2. Financial assets and liabilities whose values are based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or model inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
Level 3. Financial assets and liabilities whose values are based on model inputs that are unobservable.
Recurring Fair Value Measurements
The following table presents our fair value hierarchy for those assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively:
| December 31, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity securities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ceridian | $ | 1,044.6 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 1,044.6 | |||||||||||||||
| AAII FPA | — | — | 0.5 | 0.5 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total equity securities | 1,044.6 | — | 0.5 | 1,045.1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other noncurrent assets: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| S1 Backstop Agreement | — | 12.0 | — | 12.0 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Paysafe Warrants | 5.4 | — | — | 5.4 | |||||||||||||||||||
| AAII Warrants | — | 19.3 | — | 19.3 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total other noncurrent assets | 5.4 | 31.3 | — | 36.7 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total Assets | $ | 1,050.0 | $ | 31.3 | $ | 0.5 | $ | 1,081.8 | |||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed-maturity securities available for sale: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate debt securities | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 35.2 | $ | 35.2 | |||||||||||||||
| Equity securities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ceridian | 1,491.8 | — | — | 1,491.8 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Forward Purchase Agreements | — | — | 136.1 | 136.1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Paysafe Subscription Agreement | — | — | 169.6 | 169.6 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 1.6 | — | — | 1.6 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 1,493.4 | $ | — | $ | 340.9 | $ | 1,834.3 | |||||||||||||||
AAII FPA
The AAII FPA is accounted for at fair value pursuant to ASC Topic 321. We utilized a Monte Carlo Simulation in determining the fair value of this agreement, which is considered to be a Level 3 fair value measurement. The Monte Carlo Simulation model simulates the current security price to a simulated date for the consummation of the underlying initial business combination based on probabilities of consummation. The value of the agreement is then calculated as the difference between the future simulated price and the fixed purchase price for the underlying security to be purchased. The primary unobservable input utilized in determining the fair value of the AAII FPA is the probability of consummation of the AAII Initial Business Combination. The probability assigned to the consummation of the AAII Initial Business Combination was 80%. Determination of such probability is based on a hybrid approach which considers observed success rates of business combinations for SPACs, the sponsor of AAII's track record for consummating similar transactions and the current market for SPAC transactions. Based on the total fair value of the AAII FPA as of December 31, 2021, changes in the probability utilized will not result in a change in fair value that is significant or material to the Company's financial position or results of operations.
AAII Warrants
The AAII Warrants are accounted for at fair value pursuant to ASC Topic 815 Derivatives and Hedging. These private placement warrants are valued using the trading price of AAII's publicly traded warrants (NYSE: ASZ-WT) and are considered a Level 2 fair value measurement.
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S1 Backstop Agreement
The S1 Backstop Agreement is considered a written option and accounted for at fair value. We utilized a Black-Scholes option pricing formula to determine the fair value of the S1 Backstop Agreement, which is considered to be a Level 2 fair value measurement. The value is calculated based on the common stock price of Trebia, the amount of time the S1 Backstop Agreement is expected to be outstanding, risk free rates and the volatility of the underlying common stock of Trebia.
The following table presents a summary of the changes in the fair values of Level 3 assets, measured on a recurring basis.
| Year Ended December 31, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate debt | Forward Purchase | Subscription | AAII | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| securities | Agreements | Agreements | Warrants | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair value, beginning of period | $ | 35.2 | $ | 136.1 | $ | 169.6 | $ | — | 340.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Recognized gain on settlement (1) | 1.5 | — | — | — | 1.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net valuation (loss) gain included in earnings (1) | — | (24.2) | 7.7 | (8.9) | (25.4) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reclassification to investments in unconsolidated affiliates and Warrants | — | (111.4) | (177.3) | — | (288.7) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchase of AAII Warrants | — | — | — | 29.6 | 29.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net valuation gain included in other comprehensive earnings (2) | 0.6 | — | — | — | 0.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Transfers to Level 2 | — | — | — | (20.7) | (20.7) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Redemption of corporate debt securities | (37.3) | — | — | — | (37.3) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair value, end of period | $ | — | $ | 0.5 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 0.5 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate debt | Forward Purchase | Subscription | |||||||||||||||||||||
| securities | Agreements | Agreements | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair value, beginning of period | $ | 19.2 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 19.2 | |||||||||||||||
| Paid-in-kind dividends | 1.3 | — | — | 1.3 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net valuation gain included in earnings (1) | — | 136.1 | 169.6 | 305.7 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net valuation gain included in other comprehensive earnings (2) | 14.7 | — | — | 14.7 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Fair value, end of period | $ | 35.2 | $ | 136.1 | $ | 169.6 | $ | 340.9 | |||||||||||||||
___________________________________
(1) Included in Recognized gains and (losses), net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations
(2) Included in Unrealized gain on investments and other financial instruments, net (excluding investments in unconsolidated affiliates) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Earnings (Loss)
Accounting for Income Taxes. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of our assets and liabilities and expected benefits of utilizing net operating loss and credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The impact of changes in tax rates and laws on deferred taxes, if any, is applied to the years during which temporary differences are expected to be settled and reflected in the financial statements in the period enacted.
Refer to Note L to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report for further discussion of our accounting for income taxes.
Certain Factors Affecting Comparability
Year ended December 31, 2021. On July 30, 2021, we closed on the sale of VIBSQ's net assets. On September 1, 2021, we closed on the sale of certain net assets of RC and its subsidiaries. On September 3, 2021, we closed on the sale of Legendary Baking. Our consolidated results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021 include the results of operations of VIBSQ, RC and Legendary Baking through their respective dates of sale.
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Year ended December 31, 2020. On January 27, 2020, American Blue Ribbon Holdings, LLC ("Blue Ribbon") began a reorganization under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code (the "Blue Ribbon Reorganization") and we deconsolidated Blue Ribbon. On October 2, 2020, the Chapter 11 Plan became effective and Blue Ribbon emerged from bankruptcy as a set of reorganized companies. Upon Blue Ribbon's emergence from bankruptcy, we acquired the assets and uncompromised liabilities of Legendary Baking and VIBSQ in exchange for $15.5 million of the outstanding balance under the previously outstanding debtor-in-possession loan. Subsequent to Blue Ribbon's emergence from bankruptcy, we owned 100% of the equity of VIBSQ and Legendary Baking. Our consolidated results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020 include the consolidated results of operations of Blue Ribbon from January 1, 2020 through January 27, 2020 and of Legendary Baking and VIBSQ from October 2, 2020 through December 31, 2020.
Year ended December 31, 2019. On December 31, 2019, we completed the contribution of T-System Holdings, Inc. ("T-System") to CorroHealth. As a result of the contribution, we reclassified the results of operations of T-System to discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2019 in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
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Results of Operations
Consolidated Results of Operations
Net earnings. The following table presents certain financial data for the years indicated:
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | |||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | |||||||||||||||||
| Revenues: | |||||||||||||||||
| Restaurant revenue | $ | 704.7 | $ | 559.7 | $ | 1,043.3 | |||||||||||
| Other operating revenue | 37.5 | 26.0 | 26.7 | ||||||||||||||
| Total operating revenues | 742.2 | 585.7 | 1,070.0 | ||||||||||||||
| Operating expenses: | |||||||||||||||||
| Cost of restaurant revenue | 617.4 | 524.3 | 912.8 | ||||||||||||||
| Personnel costs | 80.1 | 94.8 | 90.3 | ||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 26.6 | 30.7 | 40.7 | ||||||||||||||
| Other operating expenses, including asset impairments | 151.6 | 116.6 | 133.4 | ||||||||||||||
| Goodwill impairment | — | 7.8 | 10.4 | ||||||||||||||
| Total operating expenses | 875.7 | 774.2 | 1,187.6 | ||||||||||||||
| Operating loss | (133.5) | (188.5) | (117.6) | ||||||||||||||
| Other income (expense): | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest, investment and other income | 21.1 | 17.2 | 15.6 | ||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | (9.8) | (9.0) | (17.8) | ||||||||||||||
| Recognized (losses) gains, net | (310.8) | 2,362.2 | 357.7 | ||||||||||||||
| Total other (expense) income | (299.5) | 2,370.4 | 355.5 | ||||||||||||||
| (Loss) earnings from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in (losses) earnings of unconsolidated affiliates | (433.0) | 2,181.9 | 237.9 | ||||||||||||||
| Income tax (benefit) expense | (74.0) | 481.2 | 24.2 | ||||||||||||||
| (Loss) earnings from continuing operations before equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates | (359.0) | 1,700.7 | 213.7 | ||||||||||||||
| Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates | 72.6 | 59.1 | (115.1) | ||||||||||||||
| (Loss) earnings from continuing operations | (286.4) | 1,759.8 | 98.6 | ||||||||||||||
| Net loss from discontinued operations, net of tax | — | — | (51.8) | ||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) earnings | (286.4) | 1,759.8 | 46.8 | ||||||||||||||
| Less: Net earnings (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests | 0.6 | (26.4) | (30.5) | ||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) earnings attributable to Cannae Holdings, Inc. common shareholders | $ | (287.0) | $ | 1,786.2 | $ | 77.3 | |||||||||||
Revenues
Total revenue in 2021 increased $156.5 million compared to 2020, primarily driven by an increase in revenue in the Restaurant Group segment. Total revenue in 2020 decreased $484.3 million compared to 2019, primarily driven by a decline in revenue in our Restaurant Group segment.
The change in revenues from our segments is discussed in further detail at the segment level below.
Expenses
Our operating expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, cost of restaurant revenue, other operating expenses, and depreciation and amortization.
Personnel costs include base salaries, commissions, benefits, stock-based compensation and bonuses paid to employees, and are one of our most significant operating expenses. Personnel costs that are directly attributable to the operations of the Restaurant Group are included in Cost of restaurant revenue.
Cost of restaurant revenue includes cost of food and beverage, primarily the costs of beef, groceries, produce, seafood, poultry and alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, net of vendor discounts and rebates, payroll and related costs and expenses directly relating to restaurant level activities, and restaurant operating costs including occupancy and other operating expenses at the restaurant level.
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Other operating expenses include professional fees, advertising costs, travel expenses and impairments of operating assets.
Depreciation and amortization expense consists of our depreciation related to investments in property and equipment as well as amortization of intangible assets.
The change in expenses from our segments is discussed in further detail at the segment level below.
Income tax (benefit) expense on continuing operations was $(74.0) million, $481.2 million, and $24.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. The effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 was 17.1%, 22.1%, and 10.2%, respectively. The change in the effective tax rate in all periods is primarily attributable to the varying impact of earnings or losses from unconsolidated affiliates on our consolidated pretax earnings or losses. The fluctuation in income tax benefit as a percentage of earnings from continuing operations before income taxes is attributable to our estimate of ultimate income tax liability and changes in the characteristics of net earnings year to year, such as the weighting of operating income versus investment income.
For a detailed breakout of our effective tax rate and further discussion on changes in our taxes, see Note L to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report.
Other
Recognized gains and (losses), net totaled $(310.8) million, $2,362.2 million, and $357.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. The net recognized loss for the year ended December 31, 2021 is primarily attributable to a $391.8 million impairment on our equity ownership interest in Paysafe, mark to market adjustments on our equity securities, and mark to market adjustments of $35.1 million to our Paysafe and AAII warrants, partially offset by a gain of $111.1 million on our sale of shares of D&B. The net recognized gain for the year ended December 31, 2020 is primarily attributable to gains on equity securities, a gain of $223.1 million on the sale of a portion of our investment in Ceridian in February 2020, and a non-cash gain of $117.0 million recorded in conjunction with the D&B's initial public offering ("IPO"). See Note D to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report for further details on gains and losses recognized on equity securities in the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. The $223.1 million gain on sale of Ceridian in February 2020 occurred prior to our change in accounting for our investment in Ceridian as an equity security at fair value in March 2020. The net recognized gain for the year ended December 31, 2019 is primarily attributable to $342.1 million of gains on sales of Ceridian shares.
Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates for the periods indicated consisted of the following (in millions):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | |||||||||||||||
| Dun & Bradstreet | $ | (13.5) | $ | (46.8) | $ | (132.8) | |||||||||||
| Paysafe/FTAC II Sponsor | 53.3 | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Alight/FTAC Sponsor | 38.2 | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Ceridian (1) | — | 1.5 | 16.4 | ||||||||||||||
| Optimal Blue | (13.8) | (9.4) | — | ||||||||||||||
| Senator JV | (1.2) | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| AmeriLife | (8.7) | (4.0) | — | ||||||||||||||
| Sightline | (2.4) | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Other | 20.7 | 117.8 | 1.3 | ||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 72.6 | $ | 59.1 | $ | (115.1) | |||||||||||
_____________________________________
(1) The amount for the year ended December 31, 2020 represents the Company's equity in earnings of Ceridian in the three months ended March 31, 2020 prior to the change in accounting for the investment beginning March 31, 2020.
Net Earnings
Net earnings attributable to Cannae decreased $2,073.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to 2020. Total net earnings attributable to Cannae increased $1,708.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to 2019.
The change in net earnings is attributable to the factors discussed above and net earnings from the segments is discussed in further detail at the segment level below.
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Segment Results of Operations
Restaurant Group
The following table presents the results from operations of our Restaurant Group segment:
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | |||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | |||||||||||||||||
| Revenues: | |||||||||||||||||
| Restaurant revenue | $ | 704.7 | $ | 559.7 | $ | 1,043.3 | |||||||||||
| Operating expenses: | |||||||||||||||||
| Cost of restaurant revenue | 617.4 | 524.3 | 912.8 | ||||||||||||||
| Personnel costs | 34.5 | 31.2 | 52.1 | ||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 24.0 | 27.7 | 38.5 | ||||||||||||||
| Other operating expenses, including asset impairments | 40.4 | 53.1 | 108.9 | ||||||||||||||
| Goodwill impairment | — | 7.8 | 10.4 | ||||||||||||||
| Total operating expenses | 716.3 | 644.1 | 1,122.7 | ||||||||||||||
| Operating loss | (11.6) | (84.4) | (79.4) | ||||||||||||||
| Other expense: | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | (8.8) | (8.6) | (5.4) | ||||||||||||||
| Recognized gains and losses, net | 2.1 | 7.5 | 3.9 | ||||||||||||||
| Total other expense | (6.7) | (1.1) | (1.5) | ||||||||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates | (18.3) | (85.5) | (80.9) | ||||||||||||||
Total revenues for the Restaurant Group segment increased $145.0 million, or 25.9%, in the year ended December 31, 2021 from 2020. The increase was primarily driven by an increase in comparable store sales driven by the reduced impact of social restrictions imposed by state and local governments in connection with COVID-19 in 2021 compared to 2020. Total revenues for the Restaurant Group segment decreased $483.6 million, or 46.4%, in the year ended December 31, 2020 from 2019. The decrease was primarily driven by: (1) decreased revenue related to the Blue Ribbon Reorganization, which resulted in the deconsolidation of Blue Ribbon for the period from January 27, 2020 through October 2, 2020, (2) the closing or sale of company-owned restaurants primarily associated with our O'Charley's, Village Inn and Bakers Square concepts subsequent to December 31, 2019 and (3) a decrease in comparable store sales driven by social restrictions imposed by state and local governments in connection with COVID-19 in March 2020, which resulted in the closing of dining rooms for substantially all of our restaurants from late March 2020 and into May 2020. The decrease was partially offset by an overall increase in the average guest check in the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to 2019.
Revenue associated with our Legendary Baking, Village Inn, and Baker's Square brands was $62.0 million, $53.1 million, and $312.5 million, respectively, in the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. Revenue recorded for these brands in the year ended December 31, 2021 represents these brands' revenues through their respective dates of sales in the third quarter of 2021 and subsequent run-off sales of the remaining inventory of Legendary Baking. Revenue recorded for these brands in the year ended December 31, 2020 represents Blue Ribbon's revenue for the period from January 1, 2020 through January 27, 2020, the date of Blue Ribbon's filing for bankruptcy, and the brands' revenues for the period from October 2, 2020 through December 31, 2020.
Comparable Store Sales. One method we use in evaluating the performance of our restaurants is to compare sales results for restaurants period over period. A new restaurant is included in our comparable store sales figures starting in the first period following the restaurant's first seventy-eight weeks of operations. Changes in comparable store sales reflect changes in sales for the comparable store group of restaurants over a specified period of time. This measure highlights the performance of existing restaurants, as the impact of new restaurant openings is excluded. Comparable store sales for our 99 Restaurants brand changed 39.4%, (32.8)%, and (0.4)% in the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively, from the prior fiscal years. The increase in 2021 is primarily attributable to increased guest counts resulting from the loosening of COVID-19 restrictions and an increase in the average amount spent by customers each visit. The decrease in 2020 is primarily attributable COVID-19 restrictions. Comparable store sales for our O'Charley's brand changed 24.7%, (22.5)% and (2.5)% in the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively, from the prior fiscal years. The increase in 2021 is primarily attributable to increased guest counts resulting from the abatement of COVID-19 restrictions and an increase in the average amount spent by customers each visit. The decrease in 2020 is primarily attributable to lower guest counts resulting from COVID-19.
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Cost of restaurant revenue increased $93.1 million, or 17.8%, in the year ended December 31, 2021 from 2020. Cost of restaurant revenue decreased $388.5 million, or 42.6%, in the year ended December 31, 2020 from 2019. Cost of restaurant revenue as a percentage of restaurant revenue was approximately 87.6%, 93.7%, and 87.5% in the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The decrease in cost of restaurant revenue as a percentage of restaurant revenue in 2021 compared to 2020 and the increase in cost of restaurant revenue as a percentage of restaurant revenue in 2020 compared to 2019 is primarily attributable to the impact of unavoidable costs on the substantial decrease in revenue in 2020 discussed above.
Personnel costs decreased by $20.9 million, or 40.1%, in the year ended December 31, 2020 from 2019. The decrease is primarily attributable to the Blue Ribbon Reorganization.
Other operating expenses decreased by $12.7 million, or 23.9%, in the year ended December 31, 2021 from 2020. The decrease is primarily attributable to a decrease of $11.0 million related to lower impairments of assets and a decrease of $8.6 million in professional fees. The decreases were offset by increased expenses associated with consolidating VIBSQ and LB's results of operations for approximately 9 months in 2021 compared to approximately 3 months in 2020. Other operating expenses decreased by $55.8 million, or 51.2%, in the year ended December 31, 2020 from 2019. The decrease is primarily attributable to the Blue Ribbon Reorganization and cost saving measures taken in response to COVID-19.
Loss from continuing operations before income taxes decreased $67.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2021 from 2020. Loss from continuing operations before income taxes increased $4.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2020 from 2019. The change in losses is primarily attributable to the factors discussed above.
Dun & Bradstreet
We own a 15.8% interest in Dun & Bradstreet and account for our ownership interest in D&B under the equity method of accounting; therefore, its results of operations do not consolidate into ours.
Summarized financial information for Dun & Bradstreet and Star Parent, L.P. ("Star Parent"), the former parent of D&B through which we acquired our ownership position prior to D&B's IPO, for the relevant dates and time periods included in Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates in our Consolidated Statements of Operations is presented below. We acquired our initial interest in Star Parent on February 8, 2019. The results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2019 presented below represent Star Parent's results of operations subsequent to our acquisition.
| Year ended December 31, | For the period from February 8, 2019 to December 31, 2019 | ||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | |||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | $ | 2,165.6 | $ | 1,738.7 | $ | 1,413.9 | |||||||||||
| Loss before income taxes | (45.2) | (226.4) | (540.0) | ||||||||||||||
| Net loss | (65.9) | (111.6) | (425.8) | ||||||||||||||
| Dividends attributable to preferred equity and noncontrolling interest expense | (5.8) | (69.0) | (120.5) | ||||||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to Dun & Bradstreet and Star Parent | (71.7) | (180.6) | (546.3) | ||||||||||||||
Details relating to the results of operations of Dun & Bradstreet (NYSE: "DNB") can be found in its periodic reports filed with the SEC.
Paysafe
On March 30, 2021, we closed on the acquisition of our 8.3% ownership interest in Paysafe. We account for our ownership of Paysafe under the equity method of accounting and report our equity in the earnings or loss of Paysafe on a three-month lag; therefore, its results do not consolidate into ours. Accordingly, our net loss for the year ended December 31, 2021 includes our equity in Paysafe’s losses for the period from March 30, 2021 through September 30, 2021.
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Summarized financial information for Paysafe for the relevant dates and time periods included in Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates in our Consolidated Statements of Operations is presented below.
| For the period from March 30, 2021 to September 30, 2021 | |||||
| (In millions) | |||||
| Total revenues | $ | 737.9 | |||
| Operating loss | (261.6) | ||||
| Net loss | (140.3) | ||||
| Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest | 0.3 | ||||
| Net loss attributable to Paysafe | (140.6) | ||||
Details relating to the results of operations of Paysafe (NYSE: "PSFE") can be found in its periodic reports filed with the SEC.
Alight
On July 2, 2021, we closed on the acquisition of our 10% ownership interest in Alight. We account for our ownership of Alight under the equity method of accounting and report our equity in earnings or loss of Alight on a three-month lag; therefore, its results do not consolidate into ours. Accordingly, our net loss for the year ended December 31, 2021 includes our equity in Alight’s losses for the period from July 2, 2021 through September 30, 2021.
Summarized financial information for Alight for the relevant dates and time periods included in Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates in our Consolidated Statements of Operations is presented below.
| For the period from July 2, 2021 through September 30, 2021 | |||||
| (In millions) | |||||
| Total revenues | $ | 690.0 | |||
| Operating income | 25.0 | ||||
| Net loss | (120.0) | ||||
| Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | (13.0) | ||||
| Net loss attributable to Alight | (107.0) | ||||
Details relating to the results of operations of Alight (NYSE: "ALIT") can be found in its periodic reports filed with the SEC.
Corporate and Other
The Corporate and Other segment consists of our share in the operations of certain controlled businesses and other equity investments, activity of the corporate holding company and certain intercompany eliminations and taxes.
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The following table presents the results from operations of our Corporate and Other segment:
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | |||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | |||||||||||||||||
| Revenues: | |||||||||||||||||
| Other operating revenue | $ | 37.5 | $ | 26.0 | $ | 26.7 | |||||||||||
| Operating expenses: | |||||||||||||||||
| Personnel costs | 45.6 | 63.6 | 38.2 | ||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 2.6 | 3.0 | 2.2 | ||||||||||||||
| Other operating expenses | 111.2 | 63.5 | 24.5 | ||||||||||||||
| Total operating expenses | 159.4 | 130.1 | 64.9 | ||||||||||||||
| Operating loss | (121.9) | (104.1) | (38.2) | ||||||||||||||
| Other income (expense): | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest, investment and other income | 21.1 | 17.2 | 15.6 | ||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | (1.0) | (0.4) | (12.4) | ||||||||||||||
| Recognized gains and losses, net | (312.9) | 2,354.7 | 353.8 | ||||||||||||||
| Total other (expense) income | (292.8) | 2,371.5 | 357.0 | ||||||||||||||
| (Loss) earnings from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in losses of unconsolidated affiliates | (414.7) | 2,267.4 | 318.8 | ||||||||||||||
Personnel costs decreased $18.0 million, or 28.3%, in the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to 2020, and increased $25.4 million, or 66.5%, in the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to 2019. The change in both periods is primarily driven by a change in investment success bonuses paid related to our sales of shares of Ceridian.
Other operating expenses increased $47.7 million, or 75.1%, in the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to 2020 and increased $39.0 million, or 159.2%, in the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to 2019. The increase in 2021 from 2020 was primarily attributable to an increase in management fees and carried interest incurred with our Manager. The increase in 2020 from 2019 is primarily attributable to $20.8 million of management fee expenses and $11.3 million of carried interest on distributions from the Senator JV and sales of other investments incurred with our Manager.
Interest expense decreased $12.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2020 from 2019. The decrease was attributable to a decrease in corporate debt outstanding. See Note K to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report for further discussion of our outstanding debt.
The net recognized loss for the year ended December 31, 2021 is primarily attributable to a $391.8 million impairment on our equity ownership interest in Paysafe, mark to market adjustments on our equity securities, and mark to market losses of $35.1 million on our Paysafe and AAII warrants, partially offset by a gain of $111.1 million on our sale of shares of D&B. The net recognized gain for the year ended December 31, 2020 is primarily attributable to gains on equity securities, a gain of $223.1 million on the sale of a portion of our investment in Ceridian in February 2020 and a non-cash gain of $117.0 million recorded in conjunction with the D&B IPO. See Note D to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report for further details on gains and losses recognized on equity securities in the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. The $223.1 million gain on sale of Ceridian in February 2020 occurred prior to our change in accounting for our investment in Ceridian as an equity security at fair value in March 2020. The net recognized gain for the year ended December 31, 2019 is primarily attributable to $342.1 million of gains on sales of Ceridian shares.
Discontinued Operations
As a result of our contribution of T-System to CorroHealth, the financial results of T-System have been reclassified to discontinued operations. See Note N to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report for further details on amounts included in discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2019.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Cash Requirements. Our current cash requirements include personnel costs, operating expenses, taxes, capital expenditures, the AAII FPA and business acquisitions. There are no restrictions on our retained earnings regarding our ability to pay dividends to stockholders, although there are limits on the ability of certain subsidiaries to pay dividends to us, as a result of provisions in certain debt agreements. The declaration of any future dividends is at the discretion of our Board of Directors. Additional uses of cash flow are expected to include stock repurchases, acquisitions, and debt repayments.
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As of December 31, 2021, we had cash and cash equivalents of $85.8 million, of which $48.1 million was cash held by the corporate holding company, and $300.0 million of available borrowing capacity under our existing holding company credit facilities with the ability to add an additional $200.0 million of borrowing capacity by amending our 2020 Margin Facility.
We continually assess our capital allocation strategy, including decisions relating to reducing debt, repurchasing our stock, and/or conserving cash. We believe that all anticipated cash requirements for current operations will be met from internally generated funds, cash dividends from subsidiaries, cash generated by investment securities, potential sales of non-strategic assets, and borrowings on existing credit facilities. Our short-term and long-term liquidity requirements are monitored regularly to ensure that we can meet our cash requirements. We forecast the needs of all of our subsidiaries and periodically review their short-term and long-term projected sources and uses of funds, as well as the asset, liability, investment and cash flow assumptions underlying such forecasts.
The Company believes the holding company's balances of cash, cash equivalents and unrestricted marketable securities, which totaled $575.8 million as of December 31, 2021 (excluding marketable securities we account for as unconsolidated affiliates), along with cash generated by ongoing operations and continued access to debt markets, will be sufficient to satisfy its cash requirements over the next 12 months and beyond.
We are focused on evaluating our assets and investments as potential vehicles for creating liquidity. Our intent is to use that liquidity for general corporate purposes, including, funding future investments, other strategic initiatives and/or conserving cash.
Operating Cash Flows. Our cash flows used in operations for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 were $176.1 million, $113.9 million and $84.2 million, respectively. The increase in cash used in operations of $62.2 million from 2021 to 2020 is primarily attributable to increased management fees and carried interest paid to our Manager. The decrease in cash provided by operations of $29.7 million from 20